Proteins having glycosyltransferase activity

ABSTRACT

The invention concerns proteins having glycosyltransferase activity, recombinant DNA molecules encoding proteins having glycosyltransferase activity, hybrid vectors comprising such recombinant DNA molecules, transformed hosts suitable for the multiplication and/or expression of the recombinant DNA molecules, and processes for the preparation of the proteins, DNA molecules and hosts.

The invention relates to proteins having glycosyltransferase activity and to a recombinant process for the production of proteins having glycosyltransferase activity.

Glycosyltransferases transfer sugar residues from an activated donor substrate, usually a nucleotide sugar, to a specific acceptor sugar thus forming a glycosidic linkage. Based on the type of sugar transferred, these enzymes are grouped into families, e.g. galactosyltransferases, sialyltransferases and fucosyltransferases. Being resident membrane proteins primarily located in the Golgi apparatus, the glycosyltransferase share a common domain structure consisting of a short amino-terminal cytoplasmic tail, a signal-anchor domain, and an extended stem region which is followed by a large carboxy-terminal catalytic domain. The signal-anchor or membrane domain acts as both uncleavable signal peptide and as membrane spanning region and orients the catalytic domain of the glycosyltransferase within the lumen of the Golgi apparatus. The luminal stem or spacer region is supposed to serve as a flexible tether, allowing the catalytic domain to glycosylate carbohydrate groups of membrane-bound and soluble proteins of the secretory pathway enroute through the Golgi apparatus. Furthermore, the stem portion was discovered to function as retention signal to keep the enzyme bound to the Golgi membrane (PCT Application No. 91/06635). Soluble forms of glycosyltransferases are found in milk, serum and other body fluids. These soluble glycosyltransferases are supposed to result from proteolytic release from the corresponding membrane-bound forms of the enzymes by endogenous proteases.

Glycosyltransferases are valuable tools for the synthesis or modification of glycoproteins, glycolipids and oligosaccharides. Enzymatic synthesis of carbohydrate structures has the advantage of high stereo- and regioselectivity. In contrast to chemical methods the time-consuming introduction of protective groups is superfluous. However, enzymatic synthesis of carbohydrate structures has been a problem because glycosyltransferases are not readily available. Therefore, production using recombinant DNA technology has been worked on. For example, galactosyltransferases have been expressed in E. coli (PCT 90/07000) and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells (Smith, D. F. et al. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 6225-34), sialyltransferases have been expressed in CHO cells (Lee, E. U. (1990) Diss. Abstr. Int. B. 50, 3453-4) and COS-1 cells (Paulson, J. C. et al. (1988) J. Cell. Biol. 107, 10A), and fucosyltransferases have been produced in COS-1 cells (Goelz, S. E. et al. (1990) Cell 63, 1349-1356; Larsen R. D. et al. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 6674-6678) and CHO cells (Potvin, B. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 1615-1622). Recently, Paulson et al. have disclosed a method for producing soluble glycosyltransferases (U.S. Pat. No. 5,032,519). However, there still is a need for proteins having favorable glycosylating properties and for advantageous methods for producing such proteins.

It is an object of the present invention to provide novel proteins having glycosyltransferase activity, recombinant DNA molecules encoding proteins having glycosyltransferase activity, hybrid vectors comprising such recombinant DNA molecules, transformed hosts suitable for the multiplication and/or expression of the recombinant DNA molecules, and processes for the preparation of the proteins, DNA molecules and hosts.

The present invention concerns a protein having glycosyltransferase activity and comprising identical or different catalytically active domains of glycosyltransferases, e.g. hybrid proteins.

Preferred is a protein of the invention which comprises two identical or two different catalytically active domains of glycosyltransferases.

Particularly preferred is such a protein exhibiting two different glycosyltransferase activities, i.e. a protein capable of transferring two different sugar residues.

Besides the catalytically active domains a protein of the invention may comprise additional amino acid sequences, particularly amino acid sequences of the respective glycosyltransferases.

The invention also concerns a hybrid polypeptide chain, i.e. a hybrid protein, comprising a membrane-bound or soluble glycosyltransferase linked to a soluble glycosyltransferase. For example, such a hybrid protein comprises a membrane-bound glycosyltransferase linked to a soluble glycosyltransferase in N-to C-terminal order.

A glycosyltransferase is a protein exhibiting glycosyltransferase activity, i.e. transferring a particular sugar residue from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule. Examples are N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases, N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases, mannosyltransferases, fucosyltransferases, galactosyltransferases and sialyltransferases.

Preferably, the glycosyltransferase is of mammalian, e.g. bovine, murine, rat or, particularly, human origin.

Preferred are hybrid proteins exhibiting galactosyl- and sialyltransferase activity.

A membrane-bound glycosyltransferase is an enzyme which cannot be secreted by the cell it is produced by, e.g. a full-length enzyme. Examples of membrane-bound glycosyltransferases are the following galactosyltransferases: UDP-Galactose: β-galactoside α(1-3)-galactosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.151 ) which uses galactose as acceptor substrate forming an α(1-3)-linkage and UDP-Galactose: α-N-acetylglucosamine α(1-4)-galactosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.22) which transfers galactose to N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) forming a α(1-4)-linkage. In the presence of α-lactalbumin, said β(1-4)-galactosyltransferase also accepts glucose as an acceptor substrate, thus catalysing the synthesis of lactose. An example of a membrane-bound sialyltransferase is the CMP-NeuAc: β-galactoside α(2-6)-sialyltransferase (EC 2.4.99.1) which forms the NeuAc-α(2-6)Gal-β(1-4)GlcNAc-sequence common to many N-linked carbohydrate groups.

A soluble glycosyltransferase is secretable by the host cell and is derivable from an N-terminally truncated full-length (i.e. a membrane-bound) glycosyltransferase naturally located in the Golgi apparatus. Such a soluble glycosyltransferase differs from the corresponding full-length enzyme by lack of the cytoplasmic tail, the signal anchor and, optionally, part or whole of the stem region. An example of soluble glycosyltransferases are galactosyltransferases differing from the protein with the amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO. 1 in that they lack an NH₂ -terminal peptide comprising at least 41 amino acids. A soluble sialyltransferase is e.g. a sialyltransferase missing an NH₂ -terminal peptide consisting of 26 to 61 amino acids as compared to the full length form depicted in SEQ ID No. 3.

As used hereinbefore and hereinafter the term "glycosyltransferase" is intended to include variants with the provision that these variants are enzymatically active. Preferred are variants of human origin.

For example, a variant is a naturally occurring variant of a glycosyltransferase found within a particular species, e.g. a variant of a galactosyltransferase which differs from the enzyme having the amino acid sequence with the SEQ ID NO. 1 in that it lacks serine in position 11 and has the amino acids valine and tyrosine instead of alanine and leucine in positions 31 and 32, respectively. Such a variant may be encoded by a related gene of the same gene family or by an allelic variant of a particular gene. The term "variant" also embraces a modified glycosyltransferase, e.g. a glycosyltransferase produced from a DNA which has been subjected to in vitro mutagenesis, with the provision that the protein encoded by said DNA has the enzymatic activity of the authentic glycosyltransferase. Such modifications may consist in an addition, exchange and/or deletion of one or more amino acids, the latter resulting in shortened variants. An example of a shortened membrane-bound, catalytically active variant is the galactosyltransferase designated GT.sub.(1-396) consisting of amino acids 1 to 396 of the amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID No. 1.

Preferred hybrid proteins comprise a membrane-bound or soluble glycosyltransferase linked to a soluble glycosyltransferase molecule, or a variant thereof, via a suitable linker consisting of genetically encoded amino acids. A suitable linker is a molecule which does not impair the favorable properties of the hybrid protein of the invention. The linker connects the C-terminal amino acid of one glycosyltransferase molecule with the N-terminal amino acid of the another glycosyltransferase molecule. For example, the linker is a peptide consisting of about 1 to about 20, e.g. of about 8 amino acids. In a preferred embodiment the linker, also referred to as adaptor, does not contain the amino acid cysteine. Particularly preferred is a peptide linker having the sequence Arg-Ala-Arg-Ile-Arg-Arg-Pro-Ala or Arg-Ala-Gly-Ile-Arg-Arg-Pro-Ala.

Preferred is a hybrid protein consisting of a galactosyltransferase linked to a sialyltransferase via a suitable peptide linker.

Particularly preferred is a hybrid protein consisting of a membrane-bound galactosyltransferase the C-terminal amino acid of which is linked to the N-terminal amino acid of a soluble sialyltransferase via a suitable peptide linker, e.g. a hybrid protein having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 6 or in SEQ ID NO. 8.

The hybrid protein according to the invention can be prepared by recombinant DNA techniques comprising culturing a suitable transformed yeast strain under conditions which allow the expression of the DNA encoding said hybrid protein. Subsequently, the enzymatic activity may be recovered.

In a preferred embodiment, the desired compounds are manufactured in a process comprising

a) providing an expression vector comprising an expression cassette containing a DNA sequence coding for a hybrid protein,

b) transferring the expression vector into a suitable yeast strain,

c) culturing the transformed yeast strain under conditions which allow expression of the hybrid protein, and

d) recovering the enzymatic activity.

The steps involved in the preparation of the hybrid proteins by means of recombinant techniques will be discussed in more detail hereinbelow.

The invention further relates to a recombinant DNA molecule encoding a hybrid protein of the invention. Preferred are DNA molecules coding for the preferred hybrid proteins.

The nucleotide sequence encoding a particular glycosyltransferase is known from the literature or can be deduced from the amino acid sequence of the protein according to conventional rules. Starting from the nucleotide sequences encoding the desired glycosyltransferase activities, a DNA molecule encoding the desired hybrid protein can be deduced and constructed according to methods well known in the art including, but not limited to, the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, DNA restriction enzymes, synthetic oligonucleotides, DNA ligases and DNA amplification techniques. Alternatively, the nucleotide sequence encoding the hybrid protein of the invention may be synthesized by chemical methods known in the art or by combining chemical with recombinant methods.

The DNA coding for a particular glycosyltransferase may be obtained from cell sources by conventional methods, e.g. by making use of cDNA technology, from vectors in the art or by chemical synthesis of the DNA.

More specifically, DNA encoding a membrane-bound glycosyltransferase can be prepared by methods known in the art and includes genomic DNA, e.g. DNA isolated from a mammalian genomic DNA library, e.g. from rat, murine, bovine or human cells. If necessary, the introns occurring in genomic DNA encoding the enzyme are deleted. Furthermore, DNA encoding a membrane-bound glycosyltransferase comprises cDNA which can be isolated from a mammalian cDNA library or produced from the corresponding mRNA. The cDNA library may be derived from cells from different tissues, e.g. placenta cells or liver cells. The preparation of cDNA via the mRNA route is achieved using conventional methods such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

A DNA encoding a soluble glycosyltransferase is obtainable from a naturally occurring genomic DNA or a cDNA according to methods known in the art. For example, the partial DNA coding for a soluble form of a glycosyltransferase may be excised from the full-length DNA coding for the corresponding membrane-bound glycosyltransferase by using restriction enzymes. The availability of an appropriate restriction site is advantageous therefor.

Furthermore, DNA encoding a glycosyltransferase can be enzymatically or chemically synthesized.

A variant of a glycosyltransferase having enzymatic activity and an amino acid sequence in which one or more amino acids are deleted (DNA fragments) and/or exchanged with one or more other amino acids, is encoded by a mutant DNA. Furthermore, a mutant DNA is intended to include a silent mutant wherein one or more nucleotides are replaced with other nucleotides, the new codons coding for the same amino acid(s). Such a mutant sequence is also a degenerated DNA sequence. Degenerated DNA sequences are degenerated within the meaning of the genetic code in that an unlimited number of nucleotides are replaced by other nucleotides without resulting in a change of the amino acid sequence originally encoded. Such degenerated DNA sequences may be useful due to their different restriction sites and/or frequency of particular codons which are preferred by the specific host to obtain optimal expression of a glycosyltransferase. Preferably, such DNA sequences have the yeast preferred codon usage.

A mutant DNA is obtainable by in vitro mutation of a cDNA or of a naturally occurring genomic DNA according to methods known in the art.

The invention also concerns hybrid vectors comprising a DNA sequence encoding a hybrid protein of the invention. The hybrid vectors of the invention provide for replication and, optionally, expression of the DNA encoding a hybrid protein of the invention. A hybrid vector of the invention comprises a DNA sequence encoding a hybrid protein of the invention linked with an origin of replication allowing the replication of the vector in the host cell, or a functionally equivalent sequence. A vector suitable for the expression of the hybrid protein of the invention (an expression vector) comprises a DNA sequence encoding said hybrid protein operably linked with expression control sequences, e.g. promoters, which ensure the effective expression of the hybrid proteins in yeast, and an origin of replication allowing the replication of the vector in the host cell, or a functionally equivalent sequence.

Vectors suitable for replication and expression in yeast contain a yeast replication origin. Hybrid vectors that contain a yeast replication origin, for example the chromosomal autonomously replicating segment (ars), are retained extrachromosomally within the yeast cell after transformation and are replicated autonomously during mitosis. Also, hybrid vectors that contain sequences homologous to the yeast 2 μ plasmid DNA can be used. Such hybrid vectors are integrated by recombination in 2 μ plasmids already present within the cell, or replicate autonomously.

Preferably, the hybrid vectors according to the invention include one or more, especially one or two, selective genetic markers for yeast and such a marker and an origin of replication for a bacterial host, especially Escherichia coli.

As to the selective gene markers for yeast, any marker gene can be used which facilitates the selection for transformants due to the phenotypic expression of the marker gene. Suitable markers for yeast are, for example, those expressing antibiotic resistance or, in the case of auxotrophic yeast mutants, genes which complement host lesions. Corresponding genes confer, for example, resistance to the antibiotics G418, hygromycin or bleomycin or provide for prototrophy in an auxotrophic yeast mutant, for example the URA3, LEU2, LYS2 or TRP1 gene.

As the amplification of the hybrid vectors is conveniently done in E. coli, an E. coli genetic marker and an E. coli replication origin are included advantageously. These can be obtained from E. coli plasmids, such as pBR322 or a pUC plasmid, for example pUC 18 or pUC 19, which contain both E. coli replication origin and E. coli genetic marker conferring resistance to antibiotics, such as ampicillin.

An expression vector according to the invention comprises an expression cassette comprising a yeast promoter and a DNA sequence coding for hybrid protein of the invention, which DNA sequence is controlled by said promoter.

In a first embodiment, an expression vector according to the invention comprises an expression cassette comprising a yeast promoter, a DNA sequence coding for a hybrid protein, which DNA sequence is controlled by said promoter, and a DNA sequence containing yeast transcription termination signals.

In a second embodiment, the an expression vector according to the invention comprises an expression cassette comprising a yeast promoter operably linked to a first DNA sequence encoding a signal peptide linked in the proper reading frame to a second DNA sequence encoding a hybrid protein, and a DNA sequence containing yeast transcription termination signals.

The yeast promoter may be a regulated or a constitutive promoter preferably derived from a highly expressed yeast gene, especially a Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene. Thus, the promoter of the TRP1 gene, the ADHI or ADHII gene, the acid phosphatase (PH05) gene, a promoter of the yeast mating pheromone genes coding for the a- or α-factor or a promoter derived from a gene encoding a glycolytic enzyme such as the promoter of the enolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAP), 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), hexokinase, pyruvate decarboxylase, phosphofructokinase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, 3-phosphoglycerate mutase, pyruvate kinase, triosephosphate isomerase, phosphoglucose isomerase or glucokinase genes can be used. Furthermore, it is possible to use hybrid promoters comprising upstream activation sequences (UAS) of one yeast gene and downstream promoter elements including a functional TATA box of another yeast gene, for example a hybrid promoter including the UAS(s) of the yeast PH05 gene and downstream promoter elements including a functional TATA box of the yeast GAP. gene (PH05- GAP hybrid promoter). Preferred is the PH05 promoter, e.g. a constitutive PHO5 promoter such as a shortened acid phosphatase PH05 promoter devoid of the upstream regulatory elements (UAS). Particularly preferred is the PH05 (-173) promoter element starting at nucleotide -173 and ending at nucleotide -9 of the PH05 gene.

The DNA sequence encoding a signal peptide ("signal sequence") is preferably derived from a yeast gene coding for a polypeptide which is ordinarily secreted. Other signal sequences of heterologous proteins, which are ordinarily secreted can also be chosen.

Yeast signal sequences are, for example, the signal and prepro sequences of the yeast invertase, α-factor, pheromone peptidase (KEX1), "killer toxin" and repressible acid phosphatase (PH05) genes and the glucoamylase signal sequence from Aspergillus awamori. Alternatively, fused signal sequences may be constructed by ligating part of the signal sequence (if present) of the gene naturally linked to the promoter used (for example PH05), with part of the signal sequence of another heterologous protein. Those combinations are favoured which allow a precise cleavage between the signal sequence and the glycosyltransferase amino acid sequence. Additional sequences, such as pro- or spacer-sequences which may or may not carry specific processing signals can also be included in the constructions to facilitate accurate processing of precursor molecules. Alternatively, fused proteins can be generated containing internal processing signals which allow proper maturation in vivo or in vitro. For example, the processing signals contain Lys-Arg, which is recognized by a yeast endopeptidase located in the Golgi membranes.

A DNA sequence containing yeast transcription termination signals is preferably the 3' flanking sequence of a yeast gene which contains proper signals for transcription termination and polyadenylation. Suitable 3' flanking sequences are for example those of the yeast gene naturally linked to the promoter used. The preferred flanking sequence is that of the yeast PH05 gene.

If a hybrid protein comprising a membrane-bound glycosyltransferase is expressed in yeast, the preferred yeast hybrid vector comprises an expression cassette comprising a yeast promoter, a DNA sequence encoding said hybrid protein, which DNA sequence is controlled by said promoter, and a DNA sequence containing yeast transcription termination signals. If the DNA encodes a hybrid protein comprising a membrane-bound glycosyltransferase there is no need for an additional signal sequence.

In case the hybrid protein to be expressed comprises two soluble glycosyltransferases, the preferred yeast hybrid vector comprises an expression cassette comprising a yeast promoter operably linked to a first DNA sequence encoding a signal peptide linked in the proper reading frame to a second DNA sequence encoding hybrid protein and a DNA sequence containing yeast transcription termination signals.

The hybrid vectors according to the invention are prepared by methods known in the art, for example by linking the expression cassette comprising a yeast promoter and a DNA sequence coding for a glycosyltransferase, or a variant thereof, which DNA sequence is controlled by said promoter, or the several constituents of the expression cassette, and the DNA fragments containing selective genetic markers for yeast and for a bacterial host and origins of replication for yeast and for a bacterial host in the predetermined order, i.e. in a functional array.

The hybrid vectors of the invention are used for the transformation of the yeast strains described below.

The invention concerns furthermore a yeast strain which has been transformed with a hybrid vector of the invention.

Suitable yeast host organisms are strains of the genus Saccharomyces, especially strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Said yeast strains include strains which, optionally, have been cured of endogenous two-micron plasmids and/or which optionally lack yeast peptidase activity(ies), e.g. peptidase yscα, yscA, yscB, yscY and/or yscS activity.

The yeast strains of the invention are used for the preparation of a hybrid protein of the invention.

The transformation of yeast with the hybrid (rectors according to the invention is accomplished by methods known in the art, for example according to the methods described by Hinnen et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1978) 75, 1929) and Ito et at. (J. Bact. (1983) 153, 163-168).

The transformed yeast strains are cultured using methods known in the art.

Thus, the transformed yeast strains according to the invention are cultured in a liquid medium containing assimilable sources of carbon, nitrogen and inorganic salts.

Various carbon sources are usable. Examples of preferred carbon sources are assimilable carbohydrates, such as glucose, maltose, mannitol, fructose or lactose, or an acetate such as sodium acetate, which can be used either alone or in suitable mixtures. Suitable nitrogen sources include, for example, amino acids, such as casamino acids, peptides and proteins and their degradation products, such as tryptone, peptone or meat extracts, furthermore yeast extract, malt extract, corn steep liquor, as well as ammonium salts, such as ammonium chloride, sulphate or nitrate which can be used either alone or in suitable mixtures. Inorganic salts which may be used include, for example, sulphates, chlorides, phosphates and carbonates of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium. Additionally, the nutrient medium may also contain growth promoting substances. Substances which promote growth include, for example, trace elements, such as iron, zinc, manganese and the like, or individual amino acids.

Due to the incompatibility between the endogenous two-micron DNA and hybrid vectors carrying its replicon, yeast cells transformed with such hybrid vectors tend to lose the latter. Such yeast cells have to be grown under selective conditions, i.e. conditions which require the expression of a plasmid-encoded gene for growth. Most selective markers currently in use and present in the hybrid vectors according to the invention (infra) are genes coding for enzymes of amino acid or purine biosynthesis. This makes it necessary to use synthetic minimal media deficient in the corresponding amino acid or purine base. However, genes conferring resistance to an appropriate biocide may be used as well [e.g. a gene conferring resistance to the amino-glycoside G418]. Yeast cells transformed with vectors containing antibiotic resistance genes are grown in complex media containing the corresponding antibiotic whereby faster growth rates and higher cell densities are reached.

Hybrid vectors comprising the complete two-micron DNA (including a functional origin of replication) are stably maintained within strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae which are devoid of endogenous two-micron plasmids (so-called cir° strains) so that the cultivation can be carried out under non-selective growth conditions, i.e. in a complex medium.

Yeast cells containing hybrid plasmids with a constitutive promoter express the DNA encoding a glycosyltransferase, or a variant thereof, controlled by said promoter without induction. However, if said DNA is under the control of a regulated promoter the composition of the growth medium has to be adapted in order to obtain maximum levels of mRNA transcripts, e.g. when using the PH05 promoter the growth medium must contain a low concentration of inorganic phosphate for derepression of this promoter.

The cultivation is carried out by employing conventional techniques. The culturing conditions, such as temperature, pH of the medium and fermentation time are selected in such a way that maximal levels of the heterologous protein are produced. A chosen yeast strain is e.g. grown under aerobic conditions in submerged culture with shaking or stirring at a temperature of about 25° to 35° C., preferably at about 28° C., at a pH value of from 4 to 7, for example at approximately pH 5, and for at least 1 to 3 days, preferably as long as satisfactory yields of protein are obtained.

After expression in yeast the hybrid protein of the invention is either accumulated inside the cells or secreted by the cells. In the latter case the hybrid protein is found within the periplasmic space and/or in the culture medium. The enzymatic activity may be recovered e.g. by obtaining the protein from the cell or the culture supernatant by conventional means.

For example, the first step usually consists in separating the cells from the culture fluid by centrifugation. In case the hybrid protein has accumulated within the cells, the enzymatic activity is recovered by cell disruption. Yeast cells can be disrupted in various ways well-known in the art: e.g. by exerting mechanical forces such as shaking with glass beads, by ultrasonic vibration, osmotic shock and/or by enzymatic digestion of the cell wall. If desired, the crude extracts thus obtainable can be directly used for glycosylation. Further enrichment may be achieved for example by differential centrifugation of the cell extracts and/or treatment with a detergent, such as Triton.

In case the hybrid protein is secreted by the yeast cell into the periplasmic space, a simplified isolation protocol can be used: the protein is isolated without cell lysis by enzymatic removal of the cell wall or by chemical agents, e.g. thiol reagents or EDTA, which gives rise to cell wall damages permitting the produced hybrid protein to be released. In case the hybrid protein of the invention is secreted into the culture broth, the enzymatic activity can be isolated directly therefrom.

Methods suitable for the purification of the crude hybrid protein include standard chromatographic procedures such as affinity chromatography, for example with a suitable substrate, antibodies or Concanavalin A, ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration, partition chromatography, HPLC, electrophoresis, precipitation steps such as ammonium sulfate precipitation and other processes, especially those known from the literature.

In order to detect glycosyltransferase activity assays known from the literature can be used. For example, galactosyltransferase activity can be measured by determing the mount of radioactively labelled galactose incorporated into a suitable acceptor molecule such as a glycoprotein or a free sugar residue. Analogously, sialyltransferase activity may be assayed e.g. by the incorporation of sialic acid into a suitable substrate. For a hybrid protein exhibiting two different glycosyltransferase activities the activities may be assessed individually or together in a `single pot assay`.

A hybrid protein of the invention is useful e.g. for the synthesis or modification of glycoproteins, oligosaccharides and glycolipids. If the hybrid molecule comprises two different glycosyltransferase activities glycosylation in a one pot reaction is preferred.

The invention especially concerns the hybrid proteins, the recominant DNA molecules coding therefor, the hybrid vectors and the transformed yeast strains, and the processes for the preparation thereof, as described in the Examples.

In the Examples, the following abbreviations are used: GT=galactosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.22), PCR=polymerase chain reaction; ST=sialyltransferase (EC 2.4.99.1).

EXAMPLE 1

Cloning of the galactosyltransferase (GT) cDNA from HeLa cells

GT cDNA is isolated from HeLa cells (Watzele, G. and Berger, E.G. (1990) Nucleic Acids Res. 18, 7174) by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method:

1.1 Preparation of poly(A)⁺ RNA from HeLa cells

For RNA preparation HeLa cells are grown in monolayer culture on 5 plates (23×23 cm). The rapid and efficient isolation of RNA from cultured cells is performed by extraction with guanidine-HCl as described by Mac Donald, R. J. et al (Meth. Enzymol. (1987) 152, 226-227). Generally, yields are about 0.6-1 mg total RNA per plate of confluent cells. Enrichment of poly(A)⁺ RNA is achieved by affinity chromatography on oligo(dT)-cellulose according to the method described in the Maniatis manual (Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F. and Maniatis, T. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2nd edition), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Habor, USA), applying 4 mg of total RNA on a 400 μl column. 3 % of the loaded RNA are recovered as enriched poly(A)⁺ RNA which is stored in aliquots precipitated with 3 volumes of ethanol at -70° C. until it is used.

1.2 First strand cDNA synthesis for PCR

Poly(A)⁺ RNA (mRNA) is reverse-transcribed into DNA by Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus RNase H⁻ Reverse Transcriptase (M-MLV H⁻ RT) (BRL). In setting up the 20 μl reaction mix, the protocol provided by BRL is followed with minor variations: 1 μg of HeLa cell poly(A)⁺ RNA and 500 ng Oligo(dT)₁₂₋₁₈ (Pharmacia) in 11.5 μl sterile H₂ O are heated to 70° C. for 10 min and then quickly chilled on ice. Then 4 μl reaction buffer provided by BRL (250 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.3, 375 mM KCI, 15 mM MgCl2), 2 μl 0.1M dithiothreitol, 1 μl mixed dNTP (10 mM each dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP, Pharmacia), 0.5 μl (17.5 U) RNAguard (RNase Inhibitor of Pharmacia) and 1 μl (200 U)M-MLVH⁻ RT are added. The reaction is carried out at 42° C. and stopped after 1 h by heating the robe to 95° C. for 10 min.

In order to check the efficiency of the reaction an aliquot of the mixture (5 μl) is incubated in the presence of 2 μCi α-³² P dCTP. By measuring the incorporated dCTP, the amount of cDNA synthesized is calculated. The yield of first strand synthesis is routinely between 5 and 15 %.

1.3 Polymerase chain reaction

The oligodeoxynucleotide primers used for PCR are synthesized in vitro by the phosphoramidite method (M. H. Caruthers, in Chemical and Enzymatic Synthesis of Gene Fragments, H. G. Gassen and A. Lang, eds., Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, FRG) on an Applied Biosystems Model 380B synthesizer. They are listed in Table 1.

                                      TABLE1                                       __________________________________________________________________________     PCR-primers                                                                                                        corresponding to                           primer  sequence (5' to 3').sup.1)  bp in GT cDNA.sup.2)                       __________________________________________________________________________     P1up                                                                              (KpnI)                                                                              cgcggtACCCTTCTTAAAGCGGCGGCGGGAAGATG                                                                        (-26)-3  .sup.                             P1 (EcoRI)                                                                             gccgaattcATGAGGCTTCGGGAGCCGCTCCTGAGCG                                                                       1-28                                      P3 (SacI)                                                                              CTGGAGCTCGTGGCAAAGCAGAACCC  448-473                                    P2d                                                                               (EcoRI)                                                                             gccgaaTTCAGTCTTTACCTGTACCAAAAGTCCTA                                                                        1222-1192                                  P4 (HindIII)                                                                           cccaagctTGGAATGATGATGGCCACCTTGTGAGG                                                                        546-520                                    __________________________________________________________________________      .sup.1) Capital letters represent sequences from GT, small letters are         additional sequences, sites for restriction enzymes are underlined. Codon      for `start' and `stop` of RNA translation are highlighted in boldface.         .sup.2) GT cDNA sequence from human placenta published in GenBank              (Accession No. M22921).                                                  

Standard PCR-conditions for a 30 μl incubation mixture are: 1 μl of the Reverse Transcriptase reaction (see Example 1.2), containing about 5 ng first strand cDNA, 15 pmol each of the relevant primers, 200 μmol each of the four deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP) in PCR-buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.3 (at 23° C.), 50 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 0.001% gelatine) and 0.5 U AmpliTaq Polymerase (Perkin Elmer). The amplification is performed in the Thermocycler 60 (Biomed) using the following conditions: 0.5 min denaturing at 95° C., 1 min annealing at 56° C., and 1 min 15 sec extension at 72° C., for a total of 20-25 cycles. In the last cycle, primer extension at 72° C. is carried out for 5 min.

For sequencing and subcloning, the HeLa GT cDNA is amplified in two overlapping pieces, using different primer combinations:

(1) Fragment P1-P4: Primers P1 and P4 are used to amplify a DNA fragment covering nucleotide positions 7-555 in the nucleotide sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO. 1.

(2) Fragment P3- P2d: Primers P3 and P2d are used to amplify a DNA fragment covering nucleotide positions 457-1229 in the nucleotide sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO. 1.

In order to avoid errors during amplification four independent PCRs are carried out for each fragment. Also primer Plup (KpnI) in combination with palmer P4 is used to determine the DNA sequence followed by the `start` codon.

After PCR amplification, fragment P1- P4 is digested with the restriction enzymes EcoRI and HindIII, analysed on a 1.2% agarose gel, eluted from the gel by GENECLEAN (BIO 101) and subcloned into the vector pUC18 (Pharmacia), digested with the same enzymes. Fragment P3- P2d is digested with SacI and EcoRI, analysed on a 1.2% gel, eluted and subcloned into pUC18, digested with SacI and EcoRI. The resulting subclones are pUC18/P 1- P4 and pUC18/P3- P2d, respectively. For subcloning, ligation and transformation of E. coli strain DH5α, standard protocols are followed as described in Example 2. Minipreparations of Plasmids pUC18/P1- P4 and pUC 18/P3- P2d are used for dideoxy-sequencing of denatured double-stranded DNA with the T7 polymerase Sequencing kit (Pharmacia). M13/pUC sequencing primers and reverse sequencing primers (Pharmacia) are applied to sequence overlapping fragments produced from both DNA strands by digestion with various restriction enzymes. Further subcloning of restriction fragments of the GT gene is necessary for extensive sequencing of overlapping fragments of both strands. The sequence of fragments amplified by independent PCRs shows that the error of amplification is less than 1 in 3000 nucleotides. The complete nucleotide sequence of the HeLa cell GT cDNA which is presented in SEQ ID NO. 1 is 99.2% homologous to that of human placenta (Genbank Accession No. M22921). Three differences are found:

(a) Three extra base pairs at nucleotide positions 37-39 (SEQ ID NO. 1) resulting in one extra amino acid (Ser) in the N-terminal region of the protein; (b) bp 98 to 101 are `CTCT` instead of `TCTG` in the sequence of human placenta, leading to two conservative amino acid substitutions (Ala Leu instead of ValTyr) at amino acid positions 31 and 32 in the membrane spanning domain of GT; (c) the nucleotide at position 1047 is changed from `A` to `G` without ensuing a change in amino acid sequence.

The two overlapping DNA-fragments P1- P4 and P3- P2d encoding the HeLa GT cDNA are joined via the NotI restriction site at nucleotide position 498 which is present in both fragments.

The complete HeLa cell GT cDNA is cloned as a 1.2 kb EcoRI-EcoRI restriction fragment in plasmid pIC-7, a derivative of pUC8 with additional restriction sites in the multicloning site (Marsh, J. L., Erfle, M. and Wykes, E. J. (1984) Gene 32, 481-485), resulting in vector p4AD113. SEQ ID NO. 1 shows the DNA sequence of the EcoRI-HindIII fragment from plasmid p4AD113 comprising HeLa cell cDNA coding for full-length GT (EC 2.4.1.22), said fragment having the following features:

    ______________________________________                                         from 6 to 1200 bp                                                                            cDNA sequence coding for HeLa cell                                             galactosyltransferase                                            from 1 to 6 bp                                                                               EcoRI site                                                       from 497 to 504 bp                                                                           NotI site                                                        from 1227 to 1232 bp                                                                         EcoRI site                                                       from 1236 to 1241 bp                                                                         EcoRV site                                                       from 1243 to 1248 bp                                                                         BglII site                                                       ______________________________________                                    

For the purpose of creating the GT expression cassette the EcoRI restriction site (bp 1227) at the 3' end of the cDNA sequence is deleted as follows: vector p4AD113 is first linearized by digestion with EcoRV and then treated with alkaline phosphatase. Furthermore, 1 μg of the linearised plasmid DNA is partially digested with 0.25 U EcoRI for 1 h at 37° C. After agarose gel electrophoresis a fragment corresponding to the size of the linearized plasmid (3.95 kb) is isolated from the gel by GENECLEAN (Bio 101). The protruding EcoRI end is filled in with Klenow polymerase as described in the Maniatis manual (supra). After phenolisation and ethanol precipitation the plasmid is religated and used to transform E. coli DH5α(Gibco/BRL). Minipreparation of plasmids are prepared from six transformants. The plasmids obtained are checked by restriction analysis for the absence of the EcoRI and EcoRV restriction sites at the 3' end of HeLa GT cDNA. The plasmid designated p4AE113 is chosen for the following experiments, its DNA sequence being identical to that of plasmid p4AD113, with the exception that bp 1232-1238 with the EcoRI-EcoRV restriction sites are deleted.

EXAMPLE 2

Construction of expression cassettes for full length GT

For heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae the full length HeLa GT cDNA sequence (SEQ ID NO. 1) is fused to transcriptional control signals of yeast for efficient initiation and termination of transcription. The promoter and terminator sequences originate from the yeast acid phosphatase gene (PH05) (EP 100561). A short, 173 bp PH05 promoter fragment is used, which is devoid of all regulatory elements and therefore behaves as a constitutive promoter.

The GT cDNA sequence is combined with a yeast 5' truncated PH05 promoter fragment and transcription terminator sequences as follows:

(a) Full length HeLa GT cDNA sequence:

Vector p4AE113 with the full length GT cDNA sequence is digested with the restriction enzymes EcoRI and BglII. The DNA fragments are electrophoretically separated on a 1% agarose gel. A 1.2 kb DNA fragment containing the complete cDNA sequence for HeLa GT is isolated from the gel by adsorption to glasmilk, using the GENECLEAN kit (BIO 101). On this fragment the `ATG` start codon for protein synthesis of GT is located directly behind the restriction site for EcoRI whereas the stop codon `TAG` is followed by 32 bp contributed by the 3' untranslated region of HeLa GT and the multiple cloning site of the vector with the BglII restriction site.

(b) Vector for amplification in E. coli:

The vector for amplification, plasmid p31R (cf. EP 100561), a derivative of pBR322, is digested with the restriction enzymes BamHI and SalI. The restriction fragments are separated on a 1% agarose gel and a 3.5 kb vector fragment is isolated from the gel as described before. This DNA fragment contains the large SalI-HindIII vector fragment of the pBR322 derivative as well as a 337 bp PH05 transcription terminator sequence in place of the HindIII-BamHI sequence of pBR322.

(c) Construction of plasmid p31/PH05(-173)RIT

The 5' truncated PHO5 promoter fragment without phosphate regulatory elements is isolated from plasmid p31/PH05(-173)RIT.

Plasmid p31 RIT12 (EP 288435) comprises the full length, regulated PH05 promoter (with an EcoRI site introduced at nucleotide position-8 on a 534bp BamHI-EcoRI fragment, followed by the coding sequence for the yeast invertase signal sequence (72bp EcoRI-XhoI) and the PH05 transcription termination signal (135 bp XhoI-HindIII) cloned in a tandem array between BamHI and HindIII of the pBR322 derived vector.

The constitutive PH05(-173) promoter element from plasmid pJDB207/PH05(-173)-YHIR (EP 340170) comprises the nucleotide sequence of the yeast PH05 promoter from nucleotide position-9 to -173 (BstEII restriction site), but has no upstream regulatory sequences (UASp). The PH05(-173) promoter, therefore, behaves like a constitutive promoter. The regulated PH05 promoter in plasmid p31RIT12 is replaced by the short. constitutive PH05 (-173) promoter element in order to obtain plasmid p31/PH05 (-173) RIT.

Plasmids p31RIT12 (EP 288435) and pJDB207/PH05(-173)-YHIR (EP 340170) are digested with restriction endonucleases SalI and EcoRI. The respective 3.6 kb and 0.4 kb SalI-EcoRI fragments are isolated on a 0.8% agarose gel, eluted from the gel, ethanol precipitated and resuspended in H₂ O at a concentration of 0.1 pmoles/μl. Both DNA fragments are ligated and 1 μl aliquots of the ligation mix are used to transform E. coli HB 101 (ATCC) competent cells. Ampicillin resistant colonies are grown individually in LB medium supplemented with ampicillin (100 μg/ml). Plasmid DNA is isolated according to the method of Holmes, D. S. et al. (Anal. Biochem. (1981) 144, 193) and analysed by restriction digests with SalI and EcoRI. The plasmid of one clone with the correct restriction fragments is referred to as p31/PH05(-173)RIT.

(d) Construction of plasmid pGTB 1135

Plasmid p31/PH05(-173)RIT is digested with the restriction enzymes EcoRI and SalI. After separation on a 1% agarose gel, a 0.45 kb SalI-EcoRI fragment (fragment (c)) is isolated from the gel by GENECLEAN (BIO 101). This fragment contains the 276 bp SalI-BamHI sequence of pBR322 and the 173 bp BamHI(BstEII)-EcoRI constitutive PH05 promoter fragment. The 0.45 kb SalI-EcoRI fragment is ligated to the 1.2 kb EcoRI-BglII GT cDNA (fragment (a)) and the 3.5 kb BamHI-SalI vector part for amplification in E. coli with the PH05 terminator (fragment (b)) described above.

The three DNA fragments (a) to (c) are ligated in a 12 μl ligation mixture: 100 ng of DNA fragment (a) and 30 ng each of fragments (b) and (c) are ligated using 0.3 U T4 DNA ligase (Boehringer) in the supplied ligase buffer (66 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 1 mM dithioerythritol, 5 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM ATP) at 15° C. for 18 hours. Half of the ligation mix is used to transform competent cells of E. coli strain DH5α(Gibco/BRL). For preparing competent cells and for transformation, the standard protocol as given in the Maniatis manual (supra) is followed. The cells are plated on selective LB-medium, supplemented with 75 μg/ml ampicillin and incubated at 37° C. 58 transformants are obtained. Minipreparations of plasmid are performed from six independent transformants by using the modified alkaline lysis protocol of Birnboim, H. C. and Doly, J. as described in the Maniatis manual (supra). The isolated plasmids are characterized by restriction analysis with four different enzymes (EcoRI, PstI, HindIII, SalI, also in combination). All six plasmids show the expected fragments. One correct clone is referred to as pGTB 1135. Plasmid pGTB 1135 contains the expression cassette with the full-lenght HeLaGT cDNA under the control of the constitutive PH05 (-173) promoter fragment, and the PHO5 transcriptional terminator sequence. This expression cassette can be excised from vector pGTB 1135 as a 2 kb SalI-HindIII fragment.

EXAMPLE 3

Construction of plasmids pA1 and pA2

3.1 PCR for site-directed mutagenesis

In order to knock out the stop codon of the GT coding sequence and to allow for an in frame fusion with ST a frame shift mutation and a point mutation are introduced into the cDNA coding for HeLa GT. The oligonucleotide primers used for PCR are synthesized in vitro according to the phosphoramidite method (supra) and listed in Table 2.

                                      TABLE 2                                      __________________________________________________________________________     PCR-primers                                                                                                   corresponding to bp                             primer   sequence (5' to 3').sup.1)                                                                           in SEQ ID NO. 3                                 __________________________________________________________________________     P3  (SacI)                                                                              CTGGAGCTCGTGGCAAAGCAGAACCC                                                                           457-482                                                        *                                                               P2A1                                                                               (BamHI)                                                                             ggggaTCCTAGCTCG-TGTCCC                                                                               1205-1189                                                    *  *                                                              P2B1                                                                               (BamHI)                                                                             ggggaTCCCAGCTCG-TGTCCC                                                                               1205-1189                                       __________________________________________________________________________      .sup.1) Capital letters represent sequences from GT, small letters are         additional sequences, sites for restriction enzymes are underlined. Codon      for `start` and `stop` of RNA translation are highlighted in boldface.   

Standard PCR-conditions for a 30 μl incubation mixture are: 1 μl of the Reverse Transcriptase reaction mix containing about 5 ng first strand cDNA (see Example 1.2), 15 pmol each of the relevant primers, 200 μmol each of the four deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP) in PCR-buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.3 (at 23° C.), 50 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 0.001% gelatine) and 0.5 U AmpliTaq Polymerase (Perkin Elmer). The amplification is performed in the Thermocycler 60 (Biomed) using the following conditions: 0.5 min denaturing at 95° C., 1 min annealing at 56° C., and 1 min 15 sec extension at 72° C., for a total of 20-25 cycles. In the last cycle, primer extension at 72° C. is carried out for 5 min.

For sequencing and subcloning, the HeLa GT cDNA is amplified as described above, yielding "mutated" fragments:

(3) Fragment P3-P2A1: primers P3 and P2A1 are used to amplify a 0.77 kb fragment covering nucleotides 457-1205 in the sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO. 3

(4) Fragment P3-P2B 1: primers P3 and P2B 1 are used to amplify a 0.77 kb fragment covering nucleotide positions 457-1205 in the sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO. 3.

3.2 Construction of plasmids pA1 and pA2

Fragments P3-P2A1 and P3-P2B 1, respectively, are amplified by PCR, digested with BamHI1 and SacI and subcloned into vector pUC18 (Pharmacia), digested with the same enzyme to produce plasmids pA1 and pA2.

EXAMPLE 4

Cloning of the sialyltransferase (ST) cDNA from human HepG2 cells

ST cDNA is isolated from HepG2 cells by PCR in analogy to GT cDNA. Preparation of poly (A)⁻ RNA and first strand cDNA synthesis are performed as described in Example 1. The primers (Microsynth) listed in Table 3 are used for PCR.

                                      TABLE 3                                      __________________________________________________________________________     PCR-primers                                                                                                        corresponding to bp                        primer                                                                             sequence (5' to 3').sup.1)      in ST cDNA.sup.2)                          __________________________________________________________________________          PstI/EcoRI                                                                SIA1                                                                               cgctgcagaattcaaaATGATTCACACCAACCTGAAGAAAAAGT                                                                    1-28                                            BamHI                                                                    SIA3                                                                               cgcggatCCTGTGCTTAGCAGTGAATGGTCCGGAAGCC                                                                         1218-1198                                  __________________________________________________________________________      .sup.1) Capital letters represent sequences from ST, small letters are         additional sequences with sites for restriction enzymes (underlined).          Codons for `start` and `stop` for protein synthesis are indicated in           boldface.                                                                      .sup.2) ST cDNA sequence from human placenta as published in EMBL Data         Bank (Accession No. X17247)                                              

HepG2 ST cDNA can be amplified as one DNA fragment of 1.2 kb using the primers SIA1 and SIA3. PCR is performed as described for GT cDNA under slightly modified cycling conditions: 0.5 min denaturing at 95° C., 1 min. 15 sec annealing at 56° C., and 1 min 30 sec extension at 72° C., for a total of 25-35 cycles. In the last cycle, primer extension at 72° C. is carried out for 5 min.

After PCR amplification, the 1.2 kb fragment is digested with the restriction enzymes BamHI and PstI, analysed on a 1.2% agarose gel, eluted from the gel and subcloned into the vector pUC18. The resulting subclone is designated pSIA2. The nucleotide sequence of the PstI-BamHI fragment from plasmid pSIA2 comprising HepG2 cDNA coding for full-length sialyltransferase is presented in SEQ ID NO. 3, said fragment having the following features:

    ______________________________________                                         from 15 to 1232 bp                                                                           cDNA sequence coding for HepG2 cell                                            sialyltransferase                                                from 1 to 6 bp                                                                               PstI site                                                        from 6 to 11 bp                                                                              EcoRI site                                                       from 144 to 149 bp                                                                           EcoRI site                                                       from 1241 to 1246 bp                                                                         BamHI site.                                                      ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 5

Construction of plasmids pA1ST and pB1ST

a) Plasmid pSIA2 is double digested using EcoR1/BamH1 and the ensuing 1098 bp fragment (fragment (a)) is isolated. The fragment codes for a soluble ST designated ST.sub.(44-406) starting at amino acid position 44 (Glu) and extending to amino acid position 406 (Cys) (SEQ ID NO. 4).

b) Plasmids A1 and B1 are linearized by BamH1 digestion, treated with alkaline phosphatase and separated from contaminating enzymes by gel electrophoresis using GENECLEAN (Bio 101).

c) Fragment (a) is linked to fragment (b) by means of an adaptor sequence from equimolar mounts of the synthesized oligonucleotides (Microsynth):

5' GATCCGTCGACCTGCAG 3' and 5' AATTCAGCAGGTCGACG 3' for the complementary strand. The oligonucleotides are annealed to each other by first heating to 95° C. and then slowly cooling to 20° C. Ligation is carried out in 12 μl of ligase buffer (66 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 1 mM dithioerythritol, 5 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM ATP) at 16° C. for 18 hours. The sequences at the junction of GT and ST are as follows: ##STR1##

The ligated plasmids pA1 ST and pB 1 ST are transformed into E. coli strain DH5α. Plasmid DNA of 6 transformants from each transformation is isolated and digested with EcoRI to test the orientation of the BamHI insert. Plasmfids with a 3900 bp together with a 700 bp EcoRI fragment are used for the next step.

EXAMPLE 6

Construction of the GT-ST expression vectors YEPGSTa and YEPGSTb

6.1 Isolation of a NotI-BamHI fragment coding for the GT C-terminus fused to ST Plasmids pA1ST and pB1ST are linearised by cutting with NotI and then partially digested with BamHI. After gel electrophoresis a 1900 bp Notl-BamHI fragment coding for the GT C-terminus fused to ST is isolated.

6.2 Construction of the YEPGTB vector

The episomal yeast vector YEP352 (S. E. Hill et al., Yeast 2, 163-167, 1986) is used to construct the YEPGTB vector which contains the constitutive PHO5 promoter, the cDNA coding for full length GT and the PHO5 transcriptional terminator sequence. YEP352 is digested with the restriction enzymes SalI and HindIII at the multiple cloning site. After separation over an 0.8% agarose gel the linearized vector is isolated as a 5.2 kb DNA fragment (vector part) from the gel with the GENECLEAN kit (Bio 101). Vector pGTB 1135 (Example 2) is also digested with the restriction enzymes SalI and HindIII. A 2.0 kb fragment containing the expression cassette with the constitutive promoter is isolated. Ligation of the yeast vector and the exprssion cassette is carried out as follows: in a 12 μl ligation mix, 80 ng of the vector part (5.2 kb fragment) is combined with 40 ng of the 2.0 kb SalI-HindIII fragment using 0.3 U ligase (Boehringer) in the supplied buffer (66 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 1 mM dithioerythritol, 5 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM ATP) for 18 hours at 15° C. The ligation mix is used to transform E. coli DH5α as described above. 24 transformants are obtained. Four independent colonies are chosen for minipreparation of plasmids. The isolated plasmids are characterized by restriction analysis: all four analyzed plasmids (YEPGTB 21-24) show the expected restriction patterns. YEPGTB24 is used for further experiments.

6.3 Isolation of the fragment coding for the N-terminal part of GT.

YEPGTB24 carrying the whole constitutive expression cassette for GT in the yeast-E.coli shuttle vector YEP352 is cut with NotI and HindIII and a 6.3 kb fragment is isolated after gel electrophoresis.

6.4 PHO5-terminator sequence

Plasmid p31 RIT12 (EP 288435) is cut with BamHI and HindIII and a 400 bp fragment carrying the PHO5 terminator sequnce is isolated.

Fragments isolated as described in 6.1 (1.9 kb NotI-BamHI fragment, 6.3 (6.3 kb HindIII -NotI fragment) and 6.4 (0.4 kb BamHI-HindIII fragment) are ligated to yield plasmids YEPGSTa and YEPGSTb, respectively, which are transformed in the E.coli strain DH5α. Plasmid DNA of transformants carrying the predicted pattern of BamHI fragments with 5580 bp, 1375 bp, 1150 bp and 276 bp are used for yeast transformation. The nucleotide sequences of the cDNAs coding for the hybrid glycosyltransferases designated GT-STa and GT-STb are presented in SEQ ID NOs. 5 and 7, respectively, said sequences having the following common features:

    ______________________________________                                         from 1 to 1188 bp                                                                            cDNA sequence coding for HeLa cell                                             GT.sub.(1-396) (cf. SEQ ID NO. 1)                                from 1189 to 1212 bp                                                                         Adaptor                                                          from 1213 to 2301 bp                                                                         cDNA sequence coding for HepG2cell                                             ST.sub.(44-406)                                                  ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 7

Transformation of yeast strain BT 150

CsCl-purified DNA of the expression vectors YEPGSTa and YEPGSTb is prepared following the protocol of R. Treisman in the Maniatis manual (supra). The protease deficient S. cerevisiae strain BT 150 (MATα, his4, leu2, ura3, pra1, prb1, prc1, cps1) is transformed with about 1 μg of plasmids YEPGSTa and YEPGSTb, respectively, according to the lithium-acetate transformation method (Ito et al., J. Bact. (1983) 153, 163-168). Approximately 200 transformants are obtained with YEPGSTa and YEPGSTb on SD plates (0.67% yeast nitrogen base without amino acids, 2% glucose, 2% agarose supplemented with leucine (30 μg/ml) and histidine (20 μg/ml). Single transformed yeast cells are selected and referred to as Saccharomyces cerevisiae BT 150/YEPGSTa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae BT 150/YEPGSTb, respectively.

EXAMPLE 8

Enzyme activity of the GT-ST hybrid proteins

8.1 Preparation of cell extracts

Preparation of cell extracts

Cells of transformed Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains BT 150 are each grown under uracil selection in yeast minimal media (Difco) supplemented with histidine and leucine. The growth rate of the cells is not affected by the introduction of any of the expression vectors. Exponentially growing cells (at OD₅₈₇ of 2.0) or stationary cells are collected by centrifugation, washed once with 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer pH 7.4 (buffer 1) and resuspended in buffer 1 at a concentration corresponding to 2 OD₅₇₈. A 60 ml culture (120 OD₅₇₈) of yeast cells is washed, pelleted and subjected to mechanical breakage by vigorous shaking on a vortex mixer with glass beads (0.45-0.5 mm diameter) for 4 min with intermittent cooling. The crude extracts are used directly for determination of enzyme activity.

8.2 Protein assay

The protein concentration is determined by use of the BCA-Protein Assay Kit (Pierce).

8.3 Assay for GT activity

GT activity can be measured with radiochemical methods using either ovalbumin, a glycoprotein which solely exposes GlcNAc as acceptor site, or free GlcNAc as acceptor substrates. Cell extracts (of 1-20 ODs₅₇₈ of cells) are assayed for 30 min at 37° C. in a 100 μl incubation mixture containing 35 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.4, 25 nCi UDP-¹⁴ C-Gal (1.25 mCi/mmol), 1 μmol MnCl₂, 2% Triton X-100 and 1 mg ovalbumin or 20 mM GlcNAc as acceptor substrates. The reaction is terminated by acid precipition of the protein and the amount of ¹⁴ C galactose incorporated into ovalbumin is determined by liquid scintillation counting (Berger, E. G. et al. (1978) Eur. J. Biochem. 90, 213-222). For GlcNAc as acceptor substrate, the reaction is terminated by the addition of 0.4 ml ice cold H₂ O and the unused UDP-¹⁴ C-galactose is separated from ¹⁴ C products on an anion exchange column (AG X1-8, BioRad) as described (Masibay, A. S. and Qasba, P. K. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 5733-5737). Assays are performed with and without acceptor molecules to assess the extent of hydrolysis of UDP-Gal by nucleotide pyrophosphatases. GT activity is determined in the crude extracts prepared from Saccharomyces cerevisiae BT 150/YEPGSTa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae BT 150/YEPGSTb.

8.4 Determination of optimum detergent activation

The standard assay of GT activity according to Example 8.3 using 10 mM GlcNAc as acceptor substrate is carried out in presence of zero, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 2.5 and 4% Triton X-100 in the assay. 2% Triton X-100 induce a two fold stimulation as compared with zero % Triton.

8.5 Assay for lactose synthase activity

The assay is carried out and terminated as indicated in Example 8.3 for GlcNAc as acceptor with the following modifications: instead of GlcNAc, 30 mM glucose is used as acceptor. Other ingredients include: 1 mg/ml human α-lactalbumin, 10 mM ATP. Optimum concentration of α-lactalbumin is determined in a range of 0 to 4 mg/ml α-lactalbumin. Maximum lactose synthase activity is observed at 1 mg/ml.

8.6 Assay for ST activity

ST activity can be determined by measuring the amount of radiolabeled sialic acid which is transferred from CMP-sialic acid to a glycoprotein acceptor. In case of the use of a glycoprotein as acceptor such as asialofetuin, the reaction is terminated by acid precipitation using 5% (w/v) phosphotungstic acid and 5% (w/v) trichloroacetic acid. The precipitate is filtered using glass fiber filters (Whatman GFA), washed extensively with ice-cold ethanol and assessed for radioactivity by liquid scintillation counting (Hesford et al. (1984), Glycoconjugate J. 1, 141-153). In case of the use of oligosaccharides as acceptors such as lactose or LacNAc (N-acetyllactosamin), the reaction is terminated by addition of 0.4 ml ice-cold H₂ O . The unused CMP-¹⁴ C-sialic acid is retained on a 1 ml-column of AG1-X8, phosphate form, 100-200 mesh. The column is washed with 4.5 ml H₂ O and eluted with 24 ml 5 mM K₂ HPO₄ buffer at pH 6.8. Eluant and wash solution are pooled and assessed for radioactivity by liquid scintillation counting. Standard conditions are as follows: 20 μl of yeast extracts (200 to 500 μg protein) are incubated with 300 μg asialofetuin in 2 mM imidazole buffer pH 7.4 and 3 nmoles CMP-¹⁴ sialic acid (specific activity: 2.7 mCi/mmol), Triton X-100 0.5%. ST-activity is found in the crude extracts prepared from Saccharomyces cerevisiae BT 150/YEPGSTa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae BT 150/YEPGSTb.

8.7 Combined GT and ST activity

Yeast extracts prepared from Saccharomyces cerevisiae BT 150/YEPGSTa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae BT 150/YEPGSTb are used to transfer Gal from UDPGal and sialic acid from CMPNeuAc to asialo-agalacto-α₁ acid glycoprotein or GlcNAc according to the following conditions: 30 μl of extract, 20 μl of asialo-agalacto-α₁ acid glycoprotein (prepared according to Hughes, R. C. and Jeanloz, R. W., (1966), Biochemistry 5, 253-258), 2 mM of unlabeled UDPGal, 60 μM of CMP¹⁴ -sialic acid (specific activity: 5.4 mCi/mmol) in 2 mM imidazole buffer, pH 7.4. ST-activity is shown by incorporation of ¹⁴ C-sialic acid. Control incubation carded out in the absence of unlabeled UDPGal results in a 4 times less incorporation of ¹⁴ C-sialic acid.

Similar incubations are carried out using 20 mM GlcNAc or 30 mM glucose (in presence of 0.1 mg/ml α-lactalbumin) as acceptor and isolating the product according to 8.6. Linear incorporations of ¹⁴ C-sialic acid are observed during 180 min. The assay system contains in a final volume of 1 ml: 3 mmol glucose, 1 mg α-lactalbumin, 1 mM ATP, 1 mmol MnCl ₂, 20 mmol Tris-HCl, pH 7,4 20 nmol UDPGal, 12 nmol CMP¹⁴ C-sialic acid (4.4 mCi/mmol specific activity) and 350 μg protein (yeast extract). The reaction is terminated by adding 0.4 ml of ice-cold H₂ O . The mixture is passed over a 2 cm Bio-Rad Poly-Prep® column containing AG1-X8 A6, 100-200 mesh, phosphate form. The column is washed with 4.5 ml H₂ O and eluted with 24 ml 5 mM K₂ HPO₄ buffer at pH 6.8. 1 ml of the eluant is used for radioactivity measurement by liquid scintillation counting in 10 ml Instagel®.

8.8 Product identification of oligosaccharides synthesized by the GT-ST hybrid proteins

8.8.1 Synthesis of 2,6 sialyllacNAc

The incubation mixture contains in a volume of 1.57 ml: 20 mmol GlcNAc, 10 mM ATP, 1 mMol MnCl₂, 5 mg Triton X-100, 200 mMol UDPGal, 30 mmol CMP ¹⁴ C-sialic acid (4.4 mCi/mmol specific activity) and 1000 μg protein (yeast extract prepared from Saccharomyces cerevisiae BT 150/YEPGSTa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae BT 150/YEPGSTb, respectively). Incubation is carried out for 16 h at 37° C. The reaction is terminated by adding 0.5 ml of H₂ O . The incubation mixture is separated on AG 1-X8 as described in Example 8.7. The total eluant of the anion exchange column is lyophilized. Then, the residue is dissolved in 0.6 ml H₂ O followed by separation on a Biogel P2 column (200-400 mesh, 2×90 cm). The column is eluted with H₂ O at a temperature of 42.5° C. at 5 ml/h. 0.5 ml fractions are collected and assessed for radioactivity in 100 μl aliquots (to which 4 ml Instagel® is added for liquid scintillation counting). The peak fractions containing ¹⁴ C are pooled, lyophilized and repurified on AG1-X8 as described in Example 8.7. The total eluant of 24 ml is lyophilized, the resulting residue dissolved in 300 μl H₂ O . This solution is subjected to preparative thin layer chromatography (Merck Alu plates coated with silicagel 60 F₂₅₄) in a solvent system containing H₂ O/acetone/n-butanol 2/1.5/1.5 for 5 h and run against authentic standards including 50 mM sialyl 2,6-actose and 2,6 sialyl LacNAc. After drying the products and standards are visualized using a spray containing 0.5 g thymol in 5 ml H₂ SO₄ (96%) and 95 ml ethanol (96%) followed by heating for 10 min at 130° C. The spots detected are found to be at identical positions as the corresponding authentic standards.

    __________________________________________________________________________     SEQUENCE LISTING                                                               (1) GENERAL INFORMATION:                                                       (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 8                                                   (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 1:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 1265 base pairs                                                    (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                           (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA                                                       (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE:                                                          (B) STRAIN: E. coli DH5alpha                                                   (vii) IMMEDIATE SOURCE:                                                        (B) CLONE: p4AD113                                                             (ix) FEATURE:                                                                  (A) NAME/KEY: CDS                                                              (B) LOCATION: 7..1200                                                          (D) OTHER INFORMATION: /product="full-length                                   galactosyltransferase"                                                         (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 1:                                       GAATTCATGAGGCTTCGGGAGCCGCTCCTGAGCGGCAGCGCCGCGATG48                             MetArgLeuArgGluProLeuLeuSerGlySerAlaAlaMet                                     1510                                                                           CCAGGCGCGTCCCTACAGCGGGCCTGCCGCCTGCTCGTGGCCGTCTGC96                             ProGlyAlaSerLeuGlnArgAlaCysArgLeuLeuValAlaValCys                               15202530                                                                       GCTCTGCACCTTGGCGTCACCCTCGTTTACTACCTGGCTGGCCGCGAC144                            AlaLeuHisLeuGlyValThrLeuValTyrTyrLeuAlaGlyArgAsp                               354045                                                                         CTGAGCCGCCTGCCCCAACTGGTCGGAGTCTCCACACCGCTGCAGGGC192                            LeuSerArgLeuProGlnLeuValGlyValSerThrProLeuGlnGly                               505560                                                                         GGCTCGAACAGTGCCGCCGCCATCGGGCAGTCCTCCGGGGAGCTCCGG240                            GlySerAsnSerAlaAlaAlaIleGlyGlnSerSerGlyGluLeuArg                               657075                                                                         ACCGGAGGGGCCCGGCCGCCGCCTCCTCTAGGCGCCTCCTCCCAGCCG288                            ThrGlyGlyAlaArgProProProProLeuGlyAlaSerSerGlnPro                               808590                                                                         CGCCCGGGTGGCGACTCCAGCCCAGTCGTGGATTCTGGCCCTGGCCCC336                            ArgProGlyGlyAspSerSerProValValAspSerGlyProGlyPro                               95100105110                                                                    GCTAGCAACTTGACCTCGGTCCCAGTGCCCCACACCACCGCACTGTCG384                            AlaSerAsnLeuThrSerValProValProHisThrThrAlaLeuSer                               115120125                                                                      CTGCCCGCCTGCCCTGAGGAGTCCCCGCTGCTTGTGGGCCCCATGCTG432                            LeuProAlaCysProGluGluSerProLeuLeuValGlyProMetLeu                               130135140                                                                      ATTGAGTTTAACATGCCTGTGGACCTGGAGCTCGTGGCAAAGCAGAAC480                            IleGluPheAsnMetProValAspLeuGluLeuValAlaLysGlnAsn                               145150155                                                                      CCAAATGTGAAGATGGGCGGCCGCTATGCCCCCAGGGACTGCGTCTCT528                            ProAsnValLysMetGlyGlyArgTyrAlaProArgAspCysValSer                               160165170                                                                      CCTCACAAGGTGGCCATCATCATTCCATTCCGCAACCGGCAGGAGCAC576                            ProHisLysValAlaIleIleIleProPheArgAsnArgGlnGluHis                               175180185190                                                                   CTCAAGTACTGGCTATATTATTTGCACCCAGTCCTGCAGCGCCAGCAG624                            LeuLysTyrTrpLeuTyrTyrLeuHisProValLeuGlnArgGlnGln                               195200205                                                                      CTGGACTATGGCATCTATGTTATCAACCAGGCGGGAGACACTATATTC672                            LeuAspTyrGlyIleTyrValIleAsnGlnAlaGlyAspThrIlePhe                               210215220                                                                      AATCGTGCTAAGCTCCTCAATGTTGGCTTTCAAGAAGCCTTGAAGGAC720                            AsnArgAlaLysLeuLeuAsnValGlyPheGlnGluAlaLeuLysAsp                               225230235                                                                      TATGACTACACCTGCTTTGTGTTTAGTGACGTGGACCTCATTCCAATG768                            TyrAspTyrThrCysPheValPheSerAspValAspLeuIleProMet                               240245250                                                                      AATGACCATAATGCGTACAGGTGTTTTTCACAGCCACGGCACATTTCC816                            AsnAspHisAsnAlaTyrArgCysPheSerGlnProArgHisIleSer                               255260265270                                                                   GTTGCAATGGATAAGTTTGGATTCAGCCTACCTTATGTTCAGTATTTT864                            ValAlaMetAspLysPheGlyPheSerLeuProTyrValGlnTyrPhe                               275280285                                                                      GGAGGTGTCTCTGCTCTAAGTAAACAACAGTTTCTAACCATCAATGGA912                            GlyGlyValSerAlaLeuSerLysGlnGlnPheLeuThrIleAsnGly                               290295300                                                                      TTTCCTAATAATTATTGGGGCTGGGGAGGAGAAGATGATGACATTTTT960                            PheProAsnAsnTyrTrpGlyTrpGlyGlyGluAspAspAspIlePhe                               305310315                                                                      AACAGATTAGTTTTTAGAGGCATGTCTATATCTCGCCCAAATGCTGTG1008                           AsnArgLeuValPheArgGlyMetSerIleSerArgProAsnAlaVal                               320325330                                                                      GTCGGGAGGTGTCGCATGATCCGCCACTCAAGAGACAAGAAAAATGAA1056                           ValGlyArgCysArgMetIleArgHisSerArgAspLysLysAsnGlu                               335340345350                                                                   CCCAATCCTCAGAGGTTTGACCGAATTGCACACACAAAGGAGACAATG1104                           ProAsnProGlnArgPheAspArgIleAlaHisThrLysGluThrMet                               355360365                                                                      CTCTCTGATGGTTTGAACTCACTCACCTACCAGGTGCTGGATGTACAG1152                           LeuSerAspGlyLeuAsnSerLeuThrTyrGlnValLeuAspValGln                               370375380                                                                      AGATACCCATTGTATACCCAAATCACAGTGGACATCGGGACACCGAGC1200                           ArgTyrProLeuTyrThrGlnIleThrValAspIleGlyThrProSer                               385390395                                                                      TAGGACTTTTGGTACAGGTAAAGACTGAATTCATCGATATCTAGATCTCGAGCTCGCGAA1260               AGCTT1265                                                                      (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 2:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 398 amino acids                                                    (B) TYPE: amino acid                                                           (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                           (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein                                                    (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 2:                                       MetArgLeuArgGluProLeuLeuSerGlySerAlaAlaMetProGly                               151015                                                                         AlaSerLeuGlnArgAlaCysArgLeuLeuValAlaValCysAlaLeu                               202530                                                                         HisLeuGlyValThrLeuValTyrTyrLeuAlaGlyArgAspLeuSer                               354045                                                                         ArgLeuProGlnLeuValGlyValSerThrProLeuGlnGlyGlySer                               505560                                                                         AsnSerAlaAlaAlaIleGlyGlnSerSerGlyGluLeuArgThrGly                               65707580                                                                       GlyAlaArgProProProProLeuGlyAlaSerSerGlnProArgPro                               859095                                                                         GlyGlyAspSerSerProValValAspSerGlyProGlyProAlaSer                               100105110                                                                      AsnLeuThrSerValProValProHisThrThrAlaLeuSerLeuPro                               115120125                                                                      AlaCysProGluGluSerProLeuLeuValGlyProMetLeuIleGlu                               130135140                                                                      PheAsnMetProValAspLeuGluLeuValAlaLysGlnAsnProAsn                               145150155160                                                                   ValLysMetGlyGlyArgTyrAlaProArgAspCysValSerProHis                               165170175                                                                      LysValAlaIleIleIleProPheArgAsnArgGlnGluHisLeuLys                               180185190                                                                      TyrTrpLeuTyrTyrLeuHisProValLeuGlnArgGlnGlnLeuAsp                               195200205                                                                      TyrGlyIleTyrValIleAsnGlnAlaGlyAspThrIlePheAsnArg                               210215220                                                                      AlaLysLeuLeuAsnValGlyPheGlnGluAlaLeuLysAspTyrAsp                               225230235240                                                                   TyrThrCysPheValPheSerAspValAspLeuIleProMetAsnAsp                               245250255                                                                      HisAsnAlaTyrArgCysPheSerGlnProArgHisIleSerValAla                               260265270                                                                      MetAspLysPheGlyPheSerLeuProTyrValGlnTyrPheGlyGly                               275280285                                                                      ValSerAlaLeuSerLysGlnGlnPheLeuThrIleAsnGlyPhePro                               290295300                                                                      AsnAsnTyrTrpGlyTrpGlyGlyGluAspAspAspIlePheAsnArg                               305310315320                                                                   LeuValPheArgGlyMetSerIleSerArgProAsnAlaValValGly                               325330335                                                                      ArgCysArgMetIleArgHisSerArgAspLysLysAsnGluProAsn                               340345350                                                                      ProGlnArgPheAspArgIleAlaHisThrLysGluThrMetLeuSer                               355360365                                                                      AspGlyLeuAsnSerLeuThrTyrGlnValLeuAspValGlnArgTyr                               370375380                                                                      ProLeuTyrThrGlnIleThrValAspIleGlyThrProSer                                     385390395                                                                      (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 3:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 1246 base pairs                                                    (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                           (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA to mRNA                                               (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE:                                                          (B) STRAIN: E. coli DH5alpha                                                   (vii) IMMEDIATE SOURCE:                                                        (B) CLONE: pSIA2                                                               (ix) FEATURE:                                                                  (A) NAME/KEY: CDS                                                              (B) LOCATION: 15..1232                                                         (D) OTHER INFORMATION: /product="full-length                                   sialyltransferase (EC 2.4.99.1)"                                               (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 3:                                       CTGCAGAATTCAAAATGATTCACACCAACCTGAAGAAAAAGTTCAGCTGC50                           MetIleHisThrAsnLeuLysLysLysPheSerCys                                           1510                                                                           TGCGTCCTGGTCTTTCTTCTGTTTGCAGTCATCTGTGTGTGGAAGGAA98                             CysValLeuValPheLeuLeuPheAlaValIleCysValTrpLysGlu                               152025                                                                         AAGAAGAAAGGGAGTTACTATGATTCCTTTAAATTGCAAACCAAGGAA146                            LysLysLysGlySerTyrTyrAspSerPheLysLeuGlnThrLysGlu                               303540                                                                         TTCCAGGTGTTAAAGAGTCTGGGGAAATTGGCCATGGGGTCTGATTCC194                            PheGlnValLeuLysSerLeuGlyLysLeuAlaMetGlySerAspSer                               45505560                                                                       CAGTCTGTATCCTCAAGCAGCACCCAGGACCCCCACAGGGGCCGCCAG242                            GlnSerValSerSerSerSerThrGlnAspProHisArgGlyArgGln                               657075                                                                         ACCCTCGGCAGTCTCAGAGGCCTAGCCAAGGCCAAACCAGAGGCCTCC290                            ThrLeuGlySerLeuArgGlyLeuAlaLysAlaLysProGluAlaSer                               808590                                                                         TTCCAGGTGTGGAACAAGGACAGCTCTTCCAAAAACCTTATCCCTAGG338                            PheGlnValTrpAsnLysAspSerSerSerLysAsnLeuIleProArg                               95100105                                                                       CTGCAAAAGATCTGGAAGAATTACCTAAGCATGAACAAGTACAAAGTG386                            LeuGlnLysIleTrpLysAsnTyrLeuSerMetAsnLysTyrLysVal                               110115120                                                                      TCCTACAAGGGGCCAGGACCAGGCATCAAGTTCAGTGCAGAGGCCCTG434                            SerTyrLysGlyProGlyProGlyIleLysPheSerAlaGluAlaLeu                               125130135140                                                                   CGCTGCCACCTCCGGGACCATGTGAATGTATCCATGGTAGAGGTCACA482                            ArgCysHisLeuArgAspHisValAsnValSerMetValGluValThr                               145150155                                                                      GATTTTCCCTTCAATACCTCTGAATGGGAGGGTTATCTGCCCAAGGAG530                            AspPheProPheAsnThrSerGluTrpGluGlyTyrLeuProLysGlu                               160165170                                                                      AGCATTAGGACCAAGGCTGGGCCTTGGGGCAGGTGTGCTGTTGTGTCG578                            SerIleArgThrLysAlaGlyProTrpGlyArgCysAlaValValSer                               175180185                                                                      TCAGCGGGATCTCTGAAGTCCTCCCAACTAGGCAGAGAAATCGATGAT626                            SerAlaGlySerLeuLysSerSerGlnLeuGlyArgGluIleAspAsp                               190195200                                                                      CATGACGCAGTCCTGAGGTTTAATGGGGCACCCACAGCCAACTTCCAA674                            HisAspAlaValLeuArgPheAsnGlyAlaProThrAlaAsnPheGln                               205210215220                                                                   CAAGATGTGGGCACAAAAACTACCATTCGCCTGATGAACTCTCAGTTG722                            GlnAspValGlyThrLysThrThrIleArgLeuMetAsnSerGlnLeu                               225230235                                                                      GTTACCACAGAGAAGCGCTTCCTCAAAGACAGTTTGTACAATGAAGGA770                            ValThrThrGluLysArgPheLeuLysAspSerLeuTyrAsnGluGly                               240245250                                                                      ATCCTAATTGTATGGGACCCATCTGTATACCACTCAGATATCCCAAAG818                            IleLeuIleValTrpAspProSerValTyrHisSerAspIleProLys                               255260265                                                                      TGGTACCAGAATCCGGATTATAATTTCTTTAACAACTACAAGACTTAT866                            TrpTyrGlnAsnProAspTyrAsnPhePheAsnAsnTyrLysThrTyr                               270275280                                                                      CGTAAGCTGCACCCCAATCAGCCCTTTTACATCCTCAAGCCCCAGATG914                            ArgLysLeuHisProAsnGlnProPheTyrIleLeuLysProGlnMet                               285290295300                                                                   CCTTGGGAGCTATGGGACATTCTTCAAGAAATCTCCCCAGAAGAGATT962                            ProTrpGluLeuTrpAspIleLeuGlnGluIleSerProGluGluIle                               305310315                                                                      CAGCCAAACCCCCCATCCTCTGGGATGCTTGGTATCATCATCATGATG1010                           GlnProAsnProProSerSerGlyMetLeuGlyIleIleIleMetMet                               320325330                                                                      ACGCTGTGTGACCAGGTGGATATTTATGAGTTCCTCCCATCCAAGCGC1058                           ThrLeuCysAspGlnValAspIleTyrGluPheLeuProSerLysArg                               335340345                                                                      AAGACTGACGTGTGCTACTACTACCAGAAGTTCTTCGATAGTGCCTGC1106                           LysThrAspValCysTyrTyrTyrGlnLysPhePheAspSerAlaCys                               350355360                                                                      ACGATGGGTGCCTACCACCCGCTGCTCTATGAGAAGAATTTGGTGAAG1154                           ThrMetGlyAlaTyrHisProLeuLeuTyrGluLysAsnLeuValLys                               365370375380                                                                   CATCTCAACCAGGGCACAGATGAGGACATCTACCTGCTTGGAAAAGCC1202                           HisLeuAsnGlnGlyThrAspGluAspIleTyrLeuLeuGlyLysAla                               385390395                                                                      ACACTGCCTGGCTTCCGGACCATTCACTGCTAAGCACAGGATCC1246                               ThrLeuProGlyPheArgThrIleHisCys                                                 400405                                                                         (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 4:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 406 amino acids                                                    (B) TYPE: amino acid                                                           (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                           (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein                                                    (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 4:                                       MetIleHisThrAsnLeuLysLysLysPheSerCysCysValLeuVal                               151015                                                                         PheLeuLeuPheAlaValIleCysValTrpLysGluLysLysLysGly                               202530                                                                         SerTyrTyrAspSerPheLysLeuGlnThrLysGluPheGlnValLeu                               354045                                                                         LysSerLeuGlyLysLeuAlaMetGlySerAspSerGlnSerValSer                               505560                                                                         SerSerSerThrGlnAspProHisArgGlyArgGlnThrLeuGlySer                               65707580                                                                       LeuArgGlyLeuAlaLysAlaLysProGluAlaSerPheGlnValTrp                               859095                                                                         AsnLysAspSerSerSerLysAsnLeuIleProArgLeuGlnLysIle                               100105110                                                                      TrpLysAsnTyrLeuSerMetAsnLysTyrLysValSerTyrLysGly                               115120125                                                                      ProGlyProGlyIleLysPheSerAlaGluAlaLeuArgCysHisLeu                               130135140                                                                      ArgAspHisValAsnValSerMetValGluValThrAspPheProPhe                               145150155160                                                                   AsnThrSerGluTrpGluGlyTyrLeuProLysGluSerIleArgThr                               165170175                                                                      LysAlaGlyProTrpGlyArgCysAlaValValSerSerAlaGlySer                               180185190                                                                      LeuLysSerSerGlnLeuGlyArgGluIleAspAspHisAspAlaVal                               195200205                                                                      LeuArgPheAsnGlyAlaProThrAlaAsnPheGlnGlnAspValGly                               210215220                                                                      ThrLysThrThrIleArgLeuMetAsnSerGlnLeuValThrThrGlu                               225230235240                                                                   LysArgPheLeuLysAspSerLeuTyrAsnGluGlyIleLeuIleVal                               245250255                                                                      TrpAspProSerValTyrHisSerAspIleProLysTrpTyrGlnAsn                               260265270                                                                      ProAspTyrAsnPhePheAsnAsnTyrLysThrTyrArgLysLeuHis                               275280285                                                                      ProAsnGlnProPheTyrIleLeuLysProGlnMetProTrpGluLeu                               290295300                                                                      TrpAspIleLeuGlnGluIleSerProGluGluIleGlnProAsnPro                               305310315320                                                                   ProSerSerGlyMetLeuGlyIleIleIleMetMetThrLeuCysAsp                               325330335                                                                      GlnValAspIleTyrGluPheLeuProSerLysArgLysThrAspVal                               340345350                                                                      CysTyrTyrTyrGlnLysPhePheAspSerAlaCysThrMetGlyAla                               355360365                                                                      TyrHisProLeuLeuTyrGluLysAsnLeuValLysHisLeuAsnGln                               370375380                                                                      GlyThrAspGluAspIleTyrLeuLeuGlyLysAlaThrLeuProGly                               385390395400                                                                   PheArgThrIleHisCys                                                             405                                                                            (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 5:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 2304 base pairs                                                    (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                           (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA                                                       (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE:                                                          (B) STRAIN: E. coli DH5alpha                                                   (vii) IMMEDIATE SOURCE:                                                        (B) CLONE: YEPGSTa                                                             (ix) FEATURE:                                                                  (A) NAME/KEY: CDS                                                              (B) LOCATION: 1..2301                                                          (D) OTHER INFORMATION: /product=                                               "galactosyltransferase-sialyltransferase hybrid                                protein"                                                                       (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 5:                                       ATGAGGCTTCGGGAGCCGCTCCTGAGCGGCAGCGCCGCGATGCCAGGC48                             MetArgLeuArgGluProLeuLeuSerGlySerAlaAlaMetProGly                               151015                                                                         GCGTCCCTACAGCGGGCCTGCCGCCTGCTCGTGGCCGTCTGCGCTCTG96                             AlaSerLeuGlnArgAlaCysArgLeuLeuValAlaValCysAlaLeu                               202530                                                                         CACCTTGGCGTCACCCTCGTTTACTACCTGGCTGGCCGCGACCTGAGC144                            HisLeuGlyValThrLeuValTyrTyrLeuAlaGlyArgAspLeuSer                               354045                                                                         CGCCTGCCCCAACTGGTCGGAGTCTCCACACCGCTGCAGGGCGGCTCG192                            ArgLeuProGlnLeuValGlyValSerThrProLeuGlnGlyGlySer                               505560                                                                         AACAGTGCCGCCGCCATCGGGCAGTCCTCCGGGGAGCTCCGGACCGGA240                            AsnSerAlaAlaAlaIleGlyGlnSerSerGlyGluLeuArgThrGly                               65707580                                                                       GGGGCCCGGCCGCCGCCTCCTCTAGGCGCCTCCTCCCAGCCGCGCCCG288                            GlyAlaArgProProProProLeuGlyAlaSerSerGlnProArgPro                               859095                                                                         GGTGGCGACTCCAGCCCAGTCGTGGATTCTGGCCCTGGCCCCGCTAGC336                            GlyGlyAspSerSerProValValAspSerGlyProGlyProAlaSer                               100105110                                                                      AACTTGACCTCGGTCCCAGTGCCCCACACCACCGCACTGTCGCTGCCC384                            AsnLeuThrSerValProValProHisThrThrAlaLeuSerLeuPro                               115120125                                                                      GCCTGCCCTGAGGAGTCCCCGCTGCTTGTGGGCCCCATGCTGATTGAG432                            AlaCysProGluGluSerProLeuLeuValGlyProMetLeuIleGlu                               130135140                                                                      TTTAACATGCCTGTGGACCTGGAGCTCGTGGCAAAGCAGAACCCAAAT480                            PheAsnMetProValAspLeuGluLeuValAlaLysGlnAsnProAsn                               145150155160                                                                   GTGAAGATGGGCGGCCGCTATGCCCCCAGGGACTGCGTCTCTCCTCAC528                            ValLysMetGlyGlyArgTyrAlaProArgAspCysValSerProHis                               165170175                                                                      AAGGTGGCCATCATCATTCCATTCCGCAACCGGCAGGAGCACCTCAAG576                            LysValAlaIleIleIleProPheArgAsnArgGlnGluHisLeuLys                               180185190                                                                      TACTGGCTATATTATTTGCACCCAGTCCTGCAGCGCCAGCAGCTGGAC624                            TyrTrpLeuTyrTyrLeuHisProValLeuGlnArgGlnGlnLeuAsp                               195200205                                                                      TATGGCATCTATGTTATCAACCAGGCGGGAGACACTATATTCAATCGT672                            TyrGlyIleTyrValIleAsnGlnAlaGlyAspThrIlePheAsnArg                               210215220                                                                      GCTAAGCTCCTCAATGTTGGCTTTCAAGAAGCCTTGAAGGACTATGAC720                            AlaLysLeuLeuAsnValGlyPheGlnGluAlaLeuLysAspTyrAsp                               225230235240                                                                   TACACCTGCTTTGTGTTTAGTGACGTGGACCTCATTCCAATGAATGAC768                            TyrThrCysPheValPheSerAspValAspLeuIleProMetAsnAsp                               245250255                                                                      CATAATGCGTACAGGTGTTTTTCACAGCCACGGCACATTTCCGTTGCA816                            HisAsnAlaTyrArgCysPheSerGlnProArgHisIleSerValAla                               260265270                                                                      ATGGATAAGTTTGGATTCAGCCTACCTTATGTTCAGTATTTTGGAGGT864                            MetAspLysPheGlyPheSerLeuProTyrValGlnTyrPheGlyGly                               275280285                                                                      GTCTCTGCTCTAAGTAAACAACAGTTTCTAACCATCAATGGATTTCCT912                            ValSerAlaLeuSerLysGlnGlnPheLeuThrIleAsnGlyPhePro                               290295300                                                                      AATAATTATTGGGGCTGGGGAGGAGAAGATGATGACATTTTTAACAGA960                            AsnAsnTyrTrpGlyTrpGlyGlyGluAspAspAspIlePheAsnArg                               305310315320                                                                   TTAGTTTTTAGAGGCATGTCTATATCTCGCCCAAATGCTGTGGTCGGG1008                           LeuValPheArgGlyMetSerIleSerArgProAsnAlaValValGly                               325330335                                                                      AGGTGTCGCATGATCCGCCACTCAAGAGACAAGAAAAATGAACCCAAT1056                           ArgCysArgMetIleArgHisSerArgAspLysLysAsnGluProAsn                               340345350                                                                      CCTCAGAGGTTTGACCGAATTGCACACACAAAGGAGACAATGCTCTCT1104                           ProGlnArgPheAspArgIleAlaHisThrLysGluThrMetLeuSer                               355360365                                                                      GATGGTTTGAACTCACTCACCTACCAGGTGCTGGATGTACAGAGATAC1152                           AspGlyLeuAsnSerLeuThrTyrGlnValLeuAspValGlnArgTyr                               370375380                                                                      CCATTGTATACCCAAATCACAGTGGACATCGGGACACGAGCTGGGATC1200                           ProLeuTyrThrGlnIleThrValAspIleGlyThrArgAlaGlyIle                               385390395400                                                                   CGTCGACCTGCAGAATTCCAGGTGTTAAAGAGTCTGGGGAAATTGGCC1248                           ArgArgProAlaGluPheGlnValLeuLysSerLeuGlyLysLeuAla                               405410415                                                                      ATGGGGTCTGATTCCCAGTCTGTATCCTCAAGCAGCACCCAGGACCCC1296                           MetGlySerAspSerGlnSerValSerSerSerSerThrGlnAspPro                               420425430                                                                      CACAGGGGCCGCCAGACCCTCGGCAGTCTCAGAGGCCTAGCCAAGGCC1344                           HisArgGlyArgGlnThrLeuGlySerLeuArgGlyLeuAlaLysAla                               435440445                                                                      AAACCAGAGGCCTCCTTCCAGGTGTGGAACAAGGACAGCTCTTCCAAA1392                           LysProGluAlaSerPheGlnValTrpAsnLysAspSerSerSerLys                               450455460                                                                      AACCTTATCCCTAGGCTGCAAAAGATCTGGAAGAATTACCTAAGCATG1440                           AsnLeuIleProArgLeuGlnLysIleTrpLysAsnTyrLeuSerMet                               465470475480                                                                   AACAAGTACAAAGTGTCCTACAAGGGGCCAGGACCAGGCATCAAGTTC1488                           AsnLysTyrLysValSerTyrLysGlyProGlyProGlyIleLysPhe                               485490495                                                                      AGTGCAGAGGCCCTGCGCTGCCACCTCCGGGACCATGTGAATGTATCC1536                           SerAlaGluAlaLeuArgCysHisLeuArgAspHisValAsnValSer                               500505510                                                                      ATGGTAGAGGTCACAGATTTTCCCTTCAATACCTCTGAATGGGAGGGT1584                           MetValGluValThrAspPheProPheAsnThrSerGluTrpGluGly                               515520525                                                                      TATCTGCCCAAGGAGAGCATTAGGACCAAGGCTGGGCCTTGGGGCAGG1632                           TyrLeuProLysGluSerIleArgThrLysAlaGlyProTrpGlyArg                               530535540                                                                      TGTGCTGTTGTGTCGTCAGCGGGATCTCTGAAGTCCTCCCAACTAGGC1680                           CysAlaValValSerSerAlaGlySerLeuLysSerSerGlnLeuGly                               545550555560                                                                   AGAGAAATCGATGATCATGACGCAGTCCTGAGGTTTAATGGGGCACCC1728                           ArgGluIleAspAspHisAspAlaValLeuArgPheAsnGlyAlaPro                               565570575                                                                      ACAGCCAACTTCCAACAAGATGTGGGCACAAAAACTACCATTCGCCTG1776                           ThrAlaAsnPheGlnGlnAspValGlyThrLysThrThrIleArgLeu                               580585590                                                                      ATGAACTCTCAGTTGGTTACCACAGAGAAGCGCTTCCTCAAAGACAGT1824                           MetAsnSerGlnLeuValThrThrGluLysArgPheLeuLysAspSer                               595600605                                                                      TTGTACAATGAAGGAATCCTAATTGTATGGGACCCATCTGTATACCAC1872                           LeuTyrAsnGluGlyIleLeuIleValTrpAspProSerValTyrHis                               610615620                                                                      TCAGATATCCCAAAGTGGTACCAGAATCCGGATTATAATTTCTTTAAC1920                           SerAspIleProLysTrpTyrGlnAsnProAspTyrAsnPhePheAsn                               625630635640                                                                   AACTACAAGACTTATCGTAAGCTGCACCCCAATCAGCCCTTTTACATC1968                           AsnTyrLysThrTyrArgLysLeuHisProAsnGlnProPheTyrIle                               645650655                                                                      CTCAAGCCCCAGATGCCTTGGGAGCTATGGGACATTCTTCAAGAAATC2016                           LeuLysProGlnMetProTrpGluLeuTrpAspIleLeuGlnGluIle                               660665670                                                                      TCCCCAGAAGAGATTCAGCCAAACCCCCCATCCTCTGGGATGCTTGGT2064                           SerProGluGluIleGlnProAsnProProSerSerGlyMetLeuGly                               675680685                                                                      ATCATCATCATGATGACGCTGTGTGACCAGGTGGATATTTATGAGTTC2112                           IleIleIleMetMetThrLeuCysAspGlnValAspIleTyrGluPhe                               690695700                                                                      CTCCCATCCAAGCGCAAGACTGACGTGTGCTACTACTACCAGAAGTTC2160                           LeuProSerLysArgLysThrAspValCysTyrTyrTyrGlnLysPhe                               705710715720                                                                   TTCGATAGTGCCTGCACGATGGGTGCCTACCACCCGCTGCTCTATGAG2208                           PheAspSerAlaCysThrMetGlyAlaTyrHisProLeuLeuTyrGlu                               725730735                                                                      AAGAATTTGGTGAAGCATCTCAACCAGGGCACAGATGAGGACATCTAC2256                           LysAsnLeuValLysHisLeuAsnGlnGlyThrAspGluAspIleTyr                               740745750                                                                      CTGCTTGGAAAAGCCACACTGCCTGGCTTCCGGACCATTCACTGC2301                              LeuLeuGlyLysAlaThrLeuProGlyPheArgThrIleHisCys                                  755760765                                                                      TAA2304                                                                        (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 6:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 767 amino acids                                                    (B) TYPE: amino acid                                                           (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                           (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein                                                    (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 6:                                       MetArgLeuArgGluProLeuLeuSerGlySerAlaAlaMetProGly                               151015                                                                         AlaSerLeuGlnArgAlaCysArgLeuLeuValAlaValCysAlaLeu                               202530                                                                         HisLeuGlyValThrLeuValTyrTyrLeuAlaGlyArgAspLeuSer                               354045                                                                         ArgLeuProGlnLeuValGlyValSerThrProLeuGlnGlyGlySer                               505560                                                                         AsnSerAlaAlaAlaIleGlyGlnSerSerGlyGluLeuArgThrGly                               65707580                                                                       GlyAlaArgProProProProLeuGlyAlaSerSerGlnProArgPro                               859095                                                                         GlyGlyAspSerSerProValValAspSerGlyProGlyProAlaSer                               100105110                                                                      AsnLeuThrSerValProValProHisThrThrAlaLeuSerLeuPro                               115120125                                                                      AlaCysProGluGluSerProLeuLeuValGlyProMetLeuIleGlu                               130135140                                                                      PheAsnMetProValAspLeuGluLeuValAlaLysGlnAsnProAsn                               145150155160                                                                   ValLysMetGlyGlyArgTyrAlaProArgAspCysValSerProHis                               165170175                                                                      LysValAlaIleIleIleProPheArgAsnArgGlnGluHisLeuLys                               180185190                                                                      TyrTrpLeuTyrTyrLeuHisProValLeuGlnArgGlnGlnLeuAsp                               195200205                                                                      TyrGlyIleTyrValIleAsnGlnAlaGlyAspThrIlePheAsnArg                               210215220                                                                      AlaLysLeuLeuAsnValGlyPheGlnGluAlaLeuLysAspTyrAsp                               225230235240                                                                   TyrThrCysPheValPheSerAspValAspLeuIleProMetAsnAsp                               245250255                                                                      HisAsnAlaTyrArgCysPheSerGlnProArgHisIleSerValAla                               260265270                                                                      MetAspLysPheGlyPheSerLeuProTyrValGlnTyrPheGlyGly                               275280285                                                                      ValSerAlaLeuSerLysGlnGlnPheLeuThrIleAsnGlyPhePro                               290295300                                                                      AsnAsnTyrTrpGlyTrpGlyGlyGluAspAspAspIlePheAsnArg                               305310315320                                                                   LeuValPheArgGlyMetSerIleSerArgProAsnAlaValValGly                               325330335                                                                      ArgCysArgMetIleArgHisSerArgAspLysLysAsnGluProAsn                               340345350                                                                      ProGlnArgPheAspArgIleAlaHisThrLysGluThrMetLeuSer                               355360365                                                                      AspGlyLeuAsnSerLeuThrTyrGlnValLeuAspValGlnArgTyr                               370375380                                                                      ProLeuTyrThrGlnIleThrValAspIleGlyThrArgAlaGlyIle                               385390395400                                                                   ArgArgProAlaGluPheGlnValLeuLysSerLeuGlyLysLeuAla                               405410415                                                                      MetGlySerAspSerGlnSerValSerSerSerSerThrGlnAspPro                               420425430                                                                      HisArgGlyArgGlnThrLeuGlySerLeuArgGlyLeuAlaLysAla                               435440445                                                                      LysProGluAlaSerPheGlnValTrpAsnLysAspSerSerSerLys                               450455460                                                                      AsnLeuIleProArgLeuGlnLysIleTrpLysAsnTyrLeuSerMet                               465470475480                                                                   AsnLysTyrLysValSerTyrLysGlyProGlyProGlyIleLysPhe                               485490495                                                                      SerAlaGluAlaLeuArgCysHisLeuArgAspHisValAsnValSer                               500505510                                                                      MetValGluValThrAspPheProPheAsnThrSerGluTrpGluGly                               515520525                                                                      TyrLeuProLysGluSerIleArgThrLysAlaGlyProTrpGlyArg                               530535540                                                                      CysAlaValValSerSerAlaGlySerLeuLysSerSerGlnLeuGly                               545550555560                                                                   ArgGluIleAspAspHisAspAlaValLeuArgPheAsnGlyAlaPro                               565570575                                                                      ThrAlaAsnPheGlnGlnAspValGlyThrLysThrThrIleArgLeu                               580585590                                                                      MetAsnSerGlnLeuValThrThrGluLysArgPheLeuLysAspSer                               595600605                                                                      LeuTyrAsnGluGlyIleLeuIleValTrpAspProSerValTyrHis                               610615620                                                                      SerAspIleProLysTrpTyrGlnAsnProAspTyrAsnPhePheAsn                               625630635640                                                                   AsnTyrLysThrTyrArgLysLeuHisProAsnGlnProPheTyrIle                               645650655                                                                      LeuLysProGlnMetProTrpGluLeuTrpAspIleLeuGlnGluIle                               660665670                                                                      SerProGluGluIleGlnProAsnProProSerSerGlyMetLeuGly                               675680685                                                                      IleIleIleMetMetThrLeuCysAspGlnValAspIleTyrGluPhe                               690695700                                                                      LeuProSerLysArgLysThrAspValCysTyrTyrTyrGlnLysPhe                               705710715720                                                                   PheAspSerAlaCysThrMetGlyAlaTyrHisProLeuLeuTyrGlu                               725730735                                                                      LysAsnLeuValLysHisLeuAsnGlnGlyThrAspGluAspIleTyr                               740745750                                                                      LeuLeuGlyLysAlaThrLeuProGlyPheArgThrIleHisCys                                  755760765                                                                      (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 7:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 2304 base pairs                                                    (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                           (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA                                                       (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE:                                                          (B) STRAIN: E. coli DH5alpha                                                   (vii) IMMEDIATE SOURCE:                                                        (B) CLONE: YEPGSTb                                                             (ix) FEATURE:                                                                  (A) NAME/KEY: CDS                                                              (B) LOCATION: 1..2301                                                          (D) OTHER INFORMATION: /product=                                               "galactosyltransferase-sialyltransferase hybrid                                protein"                                                                       (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 7:                                       ATGAGGCTTCGGGAGCCGCTCCTGAGCGGCAGCGCCGCGATGCCAGGC48                             MetArgLeuArgGluProLeuLeuSerGlySerAlaAlaMetProGly                               151015                                                                         GCGTCCCTACAGCGGGCCTGCCGCCTGCTCGTGGCCGTCTGCGCTCTG96                             AlaSerLeuGlnArgAlaCysArgLeuLeuValAlaValCysAlaLeu                               202530                                                                         CACCTTGGCGTCACCCTCGTTTACTACCTGGCTGGCCGCGACCTGAGC144                            HisLeuGlyValThrLeuValTyrTyrLeuAlaGlyArgAspLeuSer                               354045                                                                         CGCCTGCCCCAACTGGTCGGAGTCTCCACACCGCTGCAGGGCGGCTCG192                            ArgLeuProGlnLeuValGlyValSerThrProLeuGlnGlyGlySer                               505560                                                                         AACAGTGCCGCCGCCATCGGGCAGTCCTCCGGGGAGCTCCGGACCGGA240                            AsnSerAlaAlaAlaIleGlyGlnSerSerGlyGluLeuArgThrGly                               65707580                                                                       GGGGCCCGGCCGCCGCCTCCTCTAGGCGCCTCCTCCCAGCCGCGCCCG288                            GlyAlaArgProProProProLeuGlyAlaSerSerGlnProArgPro                               859095                                                                         GGTGGCGACTCCAGCCCAGTCGTGGATTCTGGCCCTGGCCCCGCTAGC336                            GlyGlyAspSerSerProValValAspSerGlyProGlyProAlaSer                               100105110                                                                      AACTTGACCTCGGTCCCAGTGCCCCACACCACCGCACTGTCGCTGCCC384                            AsnLeuThrSerValProValProHisThrThrAlaLeuSerLeuPro                               115120125                                                                      GCCTGCCCTGAGGAGTCCCCGCTGCTTGTGGGCCCCATGCTGATTGAG432                            AlaCysProGluGluSerProLeuLeuValGlyProMetLeuIleGlu                               130135140                                                                      TTTAACATGCCTGTGGACCTGGAGCTCGTGGCAAAGCAGAACCCAAAT480                            PheAsnMetProValAspLeuGluLeuValAlaLysGlnAsnProAsn                               145150155160                                                                   GTGAAGATGGGCGGCCGCTATGCCCCCAGGGACTGCGTCTCTCCTCAC528                            ValLysMetGlyGlyArgTyrAlaProArgAspCysValSerProHis                               165170175                                                                      AAGGTGGCCATCATCATTCCATTCCGCAACCGGCAGGAGCACCTCAAG576                            LysValAlaIleIleIleProPheArgAsnArgGlnGluHisLeuLys                               180185190                                                                      TACTGGCTATATTATTTGCACCCAGTCCTGCAGCGCCAGCAGCTGGAC624                            TyrTrpLeuTyrTyrLeuHisProValLeuGlnArgGlnGlnLeuAsp                               195200205                                                                      TATGGCATCTATGTTATCAACCAGGCGGGAGACACTATATTCAATCGT672                            TyrGlyIleTyrValIleAsnGlnAlaGlyAspThrIlePheAsnArg                               210215220                                                                      GCTAAGCTCCTCAATGTTGGCTTTCAAGAAGCCTTGAAGGACTATGAC720                            AlaLysLeuLeuAsnValGlyPheGlnGluAlaLeuLysAspTyrAsp                               225230235240                                                                   TACACCTGCTTTGTGTTTAGTGACGTGGACCTCATTCCAATGAATGAC768                            TyrThrCysPheValPheSerAspValAspLeuIleProMetAsnAsp                               245250255                                                                      CATAATGCGTACAGGTGTTTTTCACAGCCACGGCACATTTCCGTTGCA816                            HisAsnAlaTyrArgCysPheSerGlnProArgHisIleSerValAla                               260265270                                                                      ATGGATAAGTTTGGATTCAGCCTACCTTATGTTCAGTATTTTGGAGGT864                            MetAspLysPheGlyPheSerLeuProTyrValGlnTyrPheGlyGly                               275280285                                                                      GTCTCTGCTCTAAGTAAACAACAGTTTCTAACCATCAATGGATTTCCT912                            ValSerAlaLeuSerLysGlnGlnPheLeuThrIleAsnGlyPhePro                               290295300                                                                      AATAATTATTGGGGCTGGGGAGGAGAAGATGATGACATTTTTAACAGA960                            AsnAsnTyrTrpGlyTrpGlyGlyGluAspAspAspIlePheAsnArg                               305310315320                                                                   TTAGTTTTTAGAGGCATGTCTATATCTCGCCCAAATGCTGTGGTCGGG1008                           LeuValPheArgGlyMetSerIleSerArgProAsnAlaValValGly                               325330335                                                                      AGGTGTCGCATGATCCGCCACTCAAGAGACAAGAAAAATGAACCCAAT1056                           ArgCysArgMetIleArgHisSerArgAspLysLysAsnGluProAsn                               340345350                                                                      CCTCAGAGGTTTGACCGAATTGCACACACAAAGGAGACAATGCTCTCT1104                           ProGlnArgPheAspArgIleAlaHisThrLysGluThrMetLeuSer                               355360365                                                                      GATGGTTTGAACTCACTCACCTACCAGGTGCTGGATGTACAGAGATAC1152                           AspGlyLeuAsnSerLeuThrTyrGlnValLeuAspValGlnArgTyr                               370375380                                                                      CCATTGTATACCCAAATCACAGTGGACATCGGGACACGAGCTAGGATC1200                           ProLeuTyrThrGlnIleThrValAspIleGlyThrArgAlaArgIle                               385390395400                                                                   CGTCGACCTGCAGAATTCCAGGTGTTAAAGAGTCTGGGGAAATTGGCC1248                           ArgArgProAlaGluPheGlnValLeuLysSerLeuGlyLysLeuAla                               405410415                                                                      ATGGGGTCTGATTCCCAGTCTGTATCCTCAAGCAGCACCCAGGACCCC1296                           MetGlySerAspSerGlnSerValSerSerSerSerThrGlnAspPro                               420425430                                                                      CACAGGGGCCGCCAGACCCTCGGCAGTCTCAGAGGCCTAGCCAAGGCC1344                           HisArgGlyArgGlnThrLeuGlySerLeuArgGlyLeuAlaLysAla                               435440445                                                                      AAACCAGAGGCCTCCTTCCAGGTGTGGAACAAGGACAGCTCTTCCAAA1392                           LysProGluAlaSerPheGlnValTrpAsnLysAspSerSerSerLys                               450455460                                                                      AACCTTATCCCTAGGCTGCAAAAGATCTGGAAGAATTACCTAAGCATG1440                           AsnLeuIleProArgLeuGlnLysIleTrpLysAsnTyrLeuSerMet                               465470475480                                                                   AACAAGTACAAAGTGTCCTACAAGGGGCCAGGACCAGGCATCAAGTTC1488                           AsnLysTyrLysValSerTyrLysGlyProGlyProGlyIleLysPhe                               485490495                                                                      AGTGCAGAGGCCCTGCGCTGCCACCTCCGGGACCATGTGAATGTATCC1536                           SerAlaGluAlaLeuArgCysHisLeuArgAspHisValAsnValSer                               500505510                                                                      ATGGTAGAGGTCACAGATTTTCCCTTCAATACCTCTGAATGGGAGGGT1584                           MetValGluValThrAspPheProPheAsnThrSerGluTrpGluGly                               515520525                                                                      TATCTGCCCAAGGAGAGCATTAGGACCAAGGCTGGGCCTTGGGGCAGG1632                           TyrLeuProLysGluSerIleArgThrLysAlaGlyProTrpGlyArg                               530535540                                                                      TGTGCTGTTGTGTCGTCAGCGGGATCTCTGAAGTCCTCCCAACTAGGC1680                           CysAlaValValSerSerAlaGlySerLeuLysSerSerGlnLeuGly                               545550555560                                                                   AGAGAAATCGATGATCATGACGCAGTCCTGAGGTTTAATGGGGCACCC1728                           ArgGluIleAspAspHisAspAlaValLeuArgPheAsnGlyAlaPro                               565570575                                                                      ACAGCCAACTTCCAACAAGATGTGGGCACAAAAACTACCATTCGCCTG1776                           ThrAlaAsnPheGlnGlnAspValGlyThrLysThrThrIleArgLeu                               580585590                                                                      ATGAACTCTCAGTTGGTTACCACAGAGAAGCGCTTCCTCAAAGACAGT1824                           MetAsnSerGlnLeuValThrThrGluLysArgPheLeuLysAspSer                               595600605                                                                      TTGTACAATGAAGGAATCCTAATTGTATGGGACCCATCTGTATACCAC1872                           LeuTyrAsnGluGlyIleLeuIleValTrpAspProSerValTyrHis                               610615620                                                                      TCAGATATCCCAAAGTGGTACCAGAATCCGGATTATAATTTCTTTAAC1920                           SerAspIleProLysTrpTyrGlnAsnProAspTyrAsnPhePheAsn                               625630635640                                                                   AACTACAAGACTTATCGTAAGCTGCACCCCAATCAGCCCTTTTACATC1968                           AsnTyrLysThrTyrArgLysLeuHisProAsnGlnProPheTyrIle                               645650655                                                                      CTCAAGCCCCAGATGCCTTGGGAGCTATGGGACATTCTTCAAGAAATC2016                           LeuLysProGlnMetProTrpGluLeuTrpAspIleLeuGlnGluIle                               660665670                                                                      TCCCCAGAAGAGATTCAGCCAAACCCCCCATCCTCTGGGATGCTTGGT2064                           SerProGluGluIleGlnProAsnProProSerSerGlyMetLeuGly                               675680685                                                                      ATCATCATCATGATGACGCTGTGTGACCAGGTGGATATTTATGAGTTC2112                           IleIleIleMetMetThrLeuCysAspGlnValAspIleTyrGluPhe                               690695700                                                                      CTCCCATCCAAGCGCAAGACTGACGTGTGCTACTACTACCAGAAGTTC2160                           LeuProSerLysArgLysThrAspValCysTyrTyrTyrGlnLysPhe                               705710715720                                                                   TTCGATAGTGCCTGCACGATGGGTGCCTACCACCCGCTGCTCTATGAG2208                           PheAspSerAlaCysThrMetGlyAlaTyrHisProLeuLeuTyrGlu                               725730735                                                                      AAGAATTTGGTGAAGCATCTCAACCAGGGCACAGATGAGGACATCTAC2256                           LysAsnLeuValLysHisLeuAsnGlnGlyThrAspGluAspIleTyr                               740745750                                                                      CTGCTTGGAAAAGCCACACTGCCTGGCTTCCGGACCATTCACTGC2301                              LeuLeuGlyLysAlaThrLeuProGlyPheArgThrIleHisCys                                  755760765                                                                      TAA2304                                                                        (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 8:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 767 amino acids                                                    (B) TYPE: amino acid                                                           (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                           (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein                                                    (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 8:                                       MetArgLeuArgGluProLeuLeuSerGlySerAlaAlaMetProGly                               151015                                                                         AlaSerLeuGlnArgAlaCysArgLeuLeuValAlaValCysAlaLeu                               202530                                                                         HisLeuGlyValThrLeuValTyrTyrLeuAlaGlyArgAspLeuSer                               354045                                                                         ArgLeuProGlnLeuValGlyValSerThrProLeuGlnGlyGlySer                               505560                                                                         AsnSerAlaAlaAlaIleGlyGlnSerSerGlyGluLeuArgThrGly                               65707580                                                                       GlyAlaArgProProProProLeuGlyAlaSerSerGlnProArgPro                               859095                                                                         GlyGlyAspSerSerProValValAspSerGlyProGlyProAlaSer                               100105110                                                                      AsnLeuThrSerValProValProHisThrThrAlaLeuSerLeuPro                               115120125                                                                      AlaCysProGluGluSerProLeuLeuValGlyProMetLeuIleGlu                               130135140                                                                      PheAsnMetProValAspLeuGluLeuValAlaLysGlnAsnProAsn                               145150155160                                                                   ValLysMetGlyGlyArgTyrAlaProArgAspCysValSerProHis                               165170175                                                                      LysValAlaIleIleIleProPheArgAsnArgGlnGluHisLeuLys                               180185190                                                                      TyrTrpLeuTyrTyrLeuHisProValLeuGlnArgGlnGlnLeuAsp                               195200205                                                                      TyrGlyIleTyrValIleAsnGlnAlaGlyAspThrIlePheAsnArg                               210215220                                                                      AlaLysLeuLeuAsnValGlyPheGlnGluAlaLeuLysAspTyrAsp                               225230235240                                                                   TyrThrCysPheValPheSerAspValAspLeuIleProMetAsnAsp                               245250255                                                                      HisAsnAlaTyrArgCysPheSerGlnProArgHisIleSerValAla                               260265270                                                                      MetAspLysPheGlyPheSerLeuProTyrValGlnTyrPheGlyGly                               275280285                                                                      ValSerAlaLeuSerLysGlnGlnPheLeuThrIleAsnGlyPhePro                               290295300                                                                      AsnAsnTyrTrpGlyTrpGlyGlyGluAspAspAspIlePheAsnArg                               305310315320                                                                   LeuValPheArgGlyMetSerIleSerArgProAsnAlaValValGly                               325330335                                                                      ArgCysArgMetIleArgHisSerArgAspLysLysAsnGluProAsn                               340345350                                                                      ProGlnArgPheAspArgIleAlaHisThrLysGluThrMetLeuSer                               355360365                                                                      AspGlyLeuAsnSerLeuThrTyrGlnValLeuAspValGlnArgTyr                               370375380                                                                      ProLeuTyrThrGlnIleThrValAspIleGlyThrArgAlaArgIle                               385390395400                                                                   ArgArgProAlaGluPheGlnValLeuLysSerLeuGlyLysLeuAla                               405410415                                                                      MetGlySerAspSerGlnSerValSerSerSerSerThrGlnAspPro                               420425430                                                                      HisArgGlyArgGlnThrLeuGlySerLeuArgGlyLeuAlaLysAla                               435440445                                                                      LysProGluAlaSerPheGlnValTrpAsnLysAspSerSerSerLys                               450455460                                                                      AsnLeuIleProArgLeuGlnLysIleTrpLysAsnTyrLeuSerMet                               465470475480                                                                   AsnLysTyrLysValSerTyrLysGlyProGlyProGlyIleLysPhe                               485490495                                                                      SerAlaGluAlaLeuArgCysHisLeuArgAspHisValAsnValSer                               500505510                                                                      MetValGluValThrAspPheProPheAsnThrSerGluTrpGluGly                               515520525                                                                      TyrLeuProLysGluSerIleArgThrLysAlaGlyProTrpGlyArg                               530535540                                                                      CysAlaValValSerSerAlaGlySerLeuLysSerSerGlnLeuGly                               545550555560                                                                   ArgGluIleAspAspHisAspAlaValLeuArgPheAsnGlyAlaPro                               565570575                                                                      ThrAlaAsnPheGlnGlnAspValGlyThrLysThrThrIleArgLeu                               580585590                                                                      MetAsnSerGlnLeuValThrThrGluLysArgPheLeuLysAspSer                               595600605                                                                      LeuTyrAsnGluGlyIleLeuIleValTrpAspProSerValTyrHis                               610615620                                                                      SerAspIleProLysTrpTyrGlnAsnProAspTyrAsnPhePheAsn                               625630635640                                                                   AsnTyrLysThrTyrArgLysLeuHisProAsnGlnProPheTyrIle                               645650655                                                                      LeuLysProGlnMetProTrpGluLeuTrpAspIleLeuGlnGluIle                               660665670                                                                      SerProGluGluIleGlnProAsnProProSerSerGlyMetLeuGly                               675680685                                                                      IleIleIleMetMetThrLeuCysAspGlnValAspIleTyrGluPhe                               690695700                                                                      LeuProSerLysArgLysThrAspValCysTyrTyrTyrGlnLysPhe                               705710715720                                                                   PheAspSerAlaCysThrMetGlyAlaTyrHisProLeuLeuTyrGlu                               725730735                                                                      LysAsnLeuValLysHisLeuAsnGlnGlyThrAspGluAspIleTyr                               740745750                                                                      LeuLeuGlyLysAlaThrLeuProGlyPheArgThrIleHisCys                                  755760765                                                                      __________________________________________________________________________ 

We claim:
 1. A protein having glycosyltransferase activity comprising identical or different catalytically active domains of glycosyltransferases.
 2. A protein according to claim 1 which is a hybrid protein.
 3. A protein according to claim 2 comprising a membrane-bound or soluble glycosyltransferase linked to a soluble glycosyltransferase.
 4. A protein according to claim 2 comprising a suitable linker consisting of genetically encoded amino acids.
 5. A protein according to claim 2 selected from the group consisting of the protein having the amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO. 6 and the protein having the amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO.
 8. 6. A method for preparing a protein according to claim 2 comprising culturing a suitable transformed yeast strain under conditions which allow the expression of said protein.
 7. A DNA molecule coding for a protein according to claim
 2. 8. A hybrid vector comprising a DNA molecule according to claim
 7. 9. A transformed yeast strain comprising a hybrid vector according to claim
 8. 